Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
J Med Entomol. 2024 Nov 14;61(6):1443-1447. doi: 10.1093/jme/tjae105.
The house fly (Musca domestica L.) is a ubiquitous fly species commonly associated with confined animal and urban waste storage facilities. It is known for its pestiferous nature and ability to mechanically vector numerous disease-causing pathogens. Effective control of adult house fly populations has traditionally relied upon insecticidal food baits; however, due to the overuse of insecticides, resistance has proven to yield many insecticidal baits and chemical classes less effective. Imidacloprid, the most widely used neonicotinoid, has been formulated and commonly used in house fly baits for over 2 decades. However, widespread evidence of physiological and behavioral resistance to imidacloprid has been documented. While previous studies have investigated the mechanisms of behavioral resistance to imidacloprid in the house fly, it remains unclear whether behavioral resistance is specific to imidacloprid or if behavioral cross-resistance exists to other compounds within the neonicotinoid class of insecticides. The current study used no-choice and choice-feeding bioassays to examine a lab-selected imidacloprid behaviorally resistant house fly colony for cross-resistance to other insecticides in the neonicotinoid chemical class. All flies exhibited high mortality (97-100%) in no-choice assays, even when exposed to imidacloprid, indicating physiological susceptibility to all tested neonicotinoids. House flies exhibited high mortality (98-100%) in choice assays when exposed to all neonicotinoid insecticides tested besides imidacloprid. These results confirm that imidacloprid behavioral resistance is specific to the compound imidacloprid and that alternative neonicotinoids remain viable options for control. Our study showed no evidence of behavioral cross-resistance to other compounds in the neonicotinoid class.
家蝇（Musca domestica L.）是一种普遍存在的蝇种，通常与封闭的动物和城市废物储存设施有关。它以其害虫性质和能够机械传播多种致病病原体而闻名。传统上，控制成人家蝇种群依赖于杀虫食物诱饵；然而，由于杀虫剂的过度使用，抗性已证明使许多杀虫诱饵和化学类别效果降低。吡虫啉是使用最广泛的新烟碱类杀虫剂，已被配制并广泛用于家蝇诱饵超过 20 年。然而，已经有广泛的证据表明对吡虫啉的生理和行为抗性。虽然以前的研究已经调查了家蝇对吡虫啉的行为抗性的机制，但尚不清楚行为抗性是否特定于吡虫啉，或者是否存在对新烟碱类杀虫剂类别的其他化合物的行为交叉抗性。本研究使用非选择和选择喂养生物测定法，检查了一个实验室选择的对吡虫啉表现出行为抗性的家蝇种群，以研究对新烟碱类杀虫剂类别的其他杀虫剂的交叉抗性。所有苍蝇在非选择试验中表现出高死亡率（97-100%），即使暴露于吡虫啉，表明对所有测试的新烟碱类杀虫剂均具有生理敏感性。当暴露于除吡虫啉以外的所有测试的新烟碱类杀虫剂时，家蝇在选择试验中表现出高死亡率（98-100%）。这些结果证实，吡虫啉行为抗性是特定于化合物吡虫啉的，并且替代的新烟碱类杀虫剂仍然是可行的控制选择。我们的研究没有证据表明对新烟碱类杀虫剂类别的其他化合物存在行为交叉抗性。
