School of Psychology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
School of Psychology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
Cognition. 2021 Mar;208:104551. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104551. Epub 2020 Dec 21.
There is an ongoing dispute in the psychology of reasoning about how people interpret disjunctions, p or q. In the original mental models theory (MMT1) people interpret p or q as the disjunction of three possibilities (possibly p¬q, or possibly ¬pq, or possibly pq, where "¬" = not). p or q is true if one disjunct is actually true. In a recent revision of mental models theory (MMT2), people interpret p or q as a conjunction of the three possibilities, and they treat it as true only if each is possible and ¬p¬q is impossible. Two experiments investigated possibility and truth judgments about disjunctions given sets consisting of one or more of the four cases (p¬q, ¬pq, pq, and ¬p¬q). The results showed that in both possibility and truth judgments, participants' interpretations of disjunctions were only consistent with MMT1. Inclusive disjunctions imply the disjunction of the three possibilities, and they are true when one of the three cases (p¬q, ¬pq, and pq) is actual. These findings support MMT1, but not MMT2. In conclusion, the revised mental models theory may be unnecessary for disjunctions.
在推理心理学中，人们对于如何解释析取式 p 或 q 存在争议。在最初的心理模型理论（MMT1）中，人们将 p 或 q 解释为三种可能性的析取（可能 p¬q、可能 ¬pq 或可能 pq，其中“¬”表示“非”）。只要有一种析取实际上是真的，p 或 q 就是真的。在心理模型理论的最新修订版（MMT2）中，人们将 p 或 q 解释为三种可能性的合取，只有当每一种可能性都存在且¬p¬q 不可能存在时，才将其视为真。两个实验调查了在由一个或多个四个案例（p¬q、¬pq、pq 和 ¬p¬q）组成的集合中，关于析取的可能性和真实性判断。结果表明，在可能性和真实性判断中，参与者对析取的解释仅与 MMT1 一致。包容性析取式意味着三种可能性的析取，当三种情况之一（p¬q、¬pq 和 pq）实际发生时，它就是真的。这些发现支持了 MMT1，而不是 MMT2。总之，对于析取式来说，修订后的心理模型理论可能是不必要的。
