Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA.
Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA.
J Exp Child Psychol. 2021 Apr;204:105043. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2020.105043. Epub 2020 Dec 23.
"Minimal group" paradigms investigate social preferences arising from mere group membership. We asked whether demand characteristics contribute to children's apparent minimal group bias in a preregistered experiment (N = 160). In a group condition, we attempted to replicate findings of bias following assignment to minimal groups. A second closely matched no-group condition retained potential demand characteristics while removing group assignment. Parallel bias in the no-group condition would suggest that demand characteristics contribute to findings of apparent ingroup bias. Three main findings emerged. First, in the group condition, ingroup preference emerged in one of three bias measures only. Second, this preference emerged even though participants evaluated ingroup/outgroup photos varying in race/ethnicity between trials. Third, the measure that yielded ingroup preferences in the group condition produced no parallel bias in the no-group condition, consistent with the view that mere membership in a group, not experimental demand, leads to minimal ingroup preferences.
“最小群体”范式研究了仅仅基于群体成员身份而产生的社会偏好。我们在一项预先注册的实验中（N=160），询问了需求特征是否会导致儿童明显的最小群体偏见。在群体条件下，我们试图复制在分配到最小群体后出现偏见的发现。第二个紧密匹配的无群体条件保留了潜在的需求特征，同时去除了群体分配。如果无群体条件中存在平行偏见，则表明需求特征会影响到群体内偏好的发现。有三个主要发现。首先，在群体条件下，仅在三种偏见衡量标准中的一种中出现了对内群体的偏好。其次，即使参与者在试验之间评估了种族/民族不同的内群体/外群体照片，这种偏好也出现了。第三，在群体条件下产生内群体偏好的衡量标准在无群体条件下没有产生平行偏见，这与这样的观点一致，即仅仅是群体成员身份，而不是实验需求，导致了最小的内群体偏好。
