de Witte Martina, Lindelauf Esther, Moonen Xavier, Stams Geert-Jan, van Hooren Susan
Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Academy of Health and Vitality, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
Front Psychol. 2020 Dec 10;11:572549. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.572549. eCollection 2020.
Stress is increasingly being recognized as one of the main factors that is negatively affecting our health, and therefore there is a need to regulate daily stress and prevent long-term stress. This need seems particularly important for adults with mild intellectual disabilities (MID) who have been shown to have more difficulties coping with stress than adults without intellectual disabilities. Hence, the development of music therapy interventions for stress reduction, particularly within populations where needs may be greater, is becoming increasingly important. In order to gain more insight into the practice-based knowledge on music therapists lower stress levels of their patients with MID during music therapy sessions, we conducted focus group interviews with music therapists working with adults with MID ( = 13) from different countries and clinical institutions in Europe. Results provide an overview of the most-used interventions for stress reduction and of music. Data-analysis resulted in the further specification of therapeutic goals, intervention techniques, the use of musical instruments, and related therapeutic change factors. The main findings indicate that music therapists used little to no receptive (e.g., music listening) interventions for stress reduction, but preferred to use active interventions, which were mainly based on musical improvisation. Results show that three therapy goals for stress relief could be distinguished. The goal of "synchronizing" can be seen as a sub goal because it often precedes working on the other two goals of "tension release" or "direct relaxation," which can also be seen as two ways of reaching stress reduction in adults with MID through music therapy interventions. Furthermore, the tempo and the dynamics of the music are considered as the most important musical components to reduce stress in adults with MID. Practical implications for stress-reducing music therapy interventions for adults with MID are discussed as well as recommendations for future research.
压力越来越被视为对我们健康产生负面影响的主要因素之一，因此有必要调节日常压力并预防长期压力。对于轻度智力障碍（MID）的成年人来说，这种需求似乎尤为重要，因为研究表明，他们在应对压力方面比没有智力障碍的成年人困难更多。因此，开发用于减轻压力的音乐治疗干预措施，特别是在需求可能更大的人群中，变得越来越重要。为了更深入地了解音乐治疗师在音乐治疗过程中降低MID患者压力水平的实践知识，我们对来自欧洲不同国家和临床机构、与患有MID的成年人一起工作的音乐治疗师（n = 13）进行了焦点小组访谈。结果概述了最常用的减轻压力的干预措施以及音乐。数据分析进一步明确了治疗目标、干预技术、乐器的使用以及相关的治疗变化因素。主要研究结果表明，音乐治疗师很少或几乎不使用接受性（如听音乐）干预措施来减轻压力，而是更喜欢使用主要基于音乐即兴创作的主动干预措施。结果表明，可以区分出三种减轻压力的治疗目标。“同步”目标可被视为一个子目标，因为它通常先于“释放紧张”或“直接放松”这两个其他目标的实现，而这两个目标也可被视为通过音乐治疗干预措施减轻MID成年人压力的两种方式。此外，音乐的节奏和力度被认为是减轻MID成年人压力的最重要音乐元素。还讨论了针对MID成年人减轻压力的音乐治疗干预措施的实际意义以及对未来研究的建议。
