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观察动物和人类:狗会将目光投向自然场景中的生物信息。

Observing animals and humans: dogs target their gaze to the biological information in natural scenes.

作者信息

Törnqvist Heini, Somppi Sanni, Kujala Miiamaaria V, Vainio Outi

机构信息

Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.

Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.

出版信息

PeerJ. 2020 Dec 16;8:e10341. doi: 10.7717/peerj.10341. eCollection 2020.

Abstract

BACKGROUND

This study examines how dogs observe images of natural scenes containing living creatures (wild animals, dogs and humans) recorded with eye gaze tracking. Because dogs have had limited exposure to wild animals in their lives, we also consider the natural novelty of the wild animal images for the dogs.

METHODS

The eye gaze of dogs was recorded while they viewed natural images containing dogs, humans, and wild animals. Three categories of images were used: naturalistic landscape images containing single humans or animals, full body images containing a single human or an animal, and full body images containing a pair of humans or animals. The gazing behavior of two dog populations, family and kennel dogs, were compared.

RESULTS

As a main effect, dogs gazed at living creatures (object areas) longer than the background areas of the images; heads longer than bodies; heads longer than background areas; and bodies longer than background areas. Dogs gazed less at the object areas the background in landscape images than in the other image categories. Both dog groups also gazed wild animal heads longer than human or dog heads in the images. When viewing single animal and human images, family dogs focused their gaze very prominently on the head areas, but in images containing a pair of animals or humans, they gazed more at the body than the head areas. In kennel dogs, the difference in gazing times of the head and body areas within single or paired images failed to reach significance.

DISCUSSION

Dogs focused their gaze on living creatures in all image categories, also detecting them in the natural landscape images. Generally, they also gazed at the biologically informative areas of the images, such as the head, which supports the importance of the head/face area for dogs in obtaining social information. The natural novelty of the species represented in the images as well as the image category affected the gazing behavior of dogs. Furthermore, differences in the gazing strategy between family and kennel dogs was obtained, suggesting an influence of different social living environments and life experiences.

摘要

背景

本研究考察了狗如何观察通过眼动追踪记录的包含生物(野生动物、狗和人类)的自然场景图像。由于狗在生活中接触野生动物的机会有限,我们还考虑了野生动物图像对狗而言的自然新奇性。

方法

在狗观看包含狗、人类和野生动物的自然图像时,记录它们的眼动情况。使用了三类图像:包含单个人类或动物的自然景观图像、包含单个人类或动物的全身图像,以及包含一对人类或动物的全身图像。比较了两个狗群体(家庭犬和犬舍犬)的注视行为。

结果

作为主要效应,狗注视生物(物体区域)的时间比图像的背景区域更长;注视头部的时间比身体更长;注视头部的时间比背景区域更长;注视身体的时间比背景区域更长。与其他图像类别相比,狗在景观图像中注视物体区域与背景的时间更短。在图像中,两个狗群体注视野生动物头部的时间也比注视人类或狗的头部更长。在观看单个动物和人类图像时,家庭犬将目光非常显著地集中在头部区域,但在包含一对动物或人类的图像中,它们注视身体的时间比注视头部的时间更长。在犬舍犬中,单个或成对图像中头部和身体区域注视时间的差异未达到显著水平。

讨论

狗在所有图像类别中都将目光集中在生物上,在自然景观图像中也能检测到它们。一般来说,它们还注视图像中具有生物学信息的区域,比如头部,这支持了头部/面部区域对狗获取社交信息的重要性。图像中所呈现物种的自然新奇性以及图像类别影响了狗的注视行为。此外,还发现了家庭犬和犬舍犬在注视策略上的差异,这表明不同的社会生活环境和生活经历产生了影响。

https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/85f0/7749655/efd323fcb1ca/peerj-08-10341-g001.jpg

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