Deguchi Michihito, Kane Shriya, Potlakayala Shobha, George Hannah, Proano Renata, Sheri Vijay, Curtis Wayne R, Rudrabhatla Sairam
The Central Pennsylvania Research and Teaching Laboratory for Biofuels, Penn State Harrisburg, Middletown, PA, United States.
School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States.
Front Plant Sci. 2020 Dec 8;11:580621. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2020.580621. eCollection 2020.
Industrial hemp ( L.) is a diploid (2 = 20), dioecious plant that is grown for fiber, seed, and oil. Recently, there has been a renewed interest in this crop because of its panoply of cannabinoids, terpenes, and other phenolic compounds. Specifically, hemp contains terpenophenolic compounds such as cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabigerol (CBG), which act on cannabinoid receptors and positively regulate various human metabolic, immunological, and physiological functions. CBD and CBG have an effect on the cytokine metabolism, which has led to the examination of cannabinoids on the treatment of viral diseases, including COVID-19. Based on genomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic studies, several synthetic pathways of hemp secondary metabolite production have been elucidated. Nevertheless, there are few reports on hemp metabolic engineering despite obvious impact on scientific and industrial sectors. In this article, recent status and current perspectives on hemp metabolic engineering are reviewed. Three distinct approaches to expedite phytochemical yield are discussed. Special emphasis has been placed on transgenic and transient gene delivery systems, which are critical for successful metabolic engineering of hemp. The advent of new tools in synthetic biology, particularly the CRISPR/Cas systems, enables environment-friendly metabolic engineering to increase the production of desirable hemp phytochemicals while eliminating the psychoactive compounds, such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).
工业大麻（Cannabis sativa L.）是一种二倍体（2n = 20）、雌雄异株的植物，可用于生产纤维、种子和油。最近，由于其富含多种大麻素、萜类化合物和其他酚类化合物，人们对这种作物重新产生了兴趣。具体而言，大麻含有萜酚类化合物，如大麻二酚（CBD）和大麻萜酚（CBG），它们作用于大麻素受体，并对人体的各种代谢、免疫和生理功能起到正向调节作用。CBD和CBG对细胞因子代谢有影响，这促使人们研究大麻素在包括COVID-19在内的病毒性疾病治疗中的作用。基于基因组学、转录组学和代谢组学研究，已经阐明了大麻次生代谢产物合成的几种途径。然而，尽管大麻代谢工程对科学和工业领域有明显影响，但相关报道却很少。本文综述了大麻代谢工程的研究现状和当前观点。讨论了三种提高植物化学物质产量的不同方法。特别强调了转基因和瞬时基因传递系统，它们对大麻代谢工程的成功至关重要。合成生物学新工具的出现，尤其是CRISPR/Cas系统，使环境友好型代谢工程成为可能，既能增加所需大麻植物化学物质的产量，又能消除诸如四氢大麻酚（THC）等具有精神活性的化合物。
