Arcadis US, Highlands Ranch, Colorado, USA.
Arcadis US, Portland, Oregon, USA.
Environ Toxicol Chem. 2021 Mar;40(3):921-936. doi: 10.1002/etc.4975.
Evaluation of chemical risks to threatened and endangered species is a requirement for Superfund ecological risk assessments; however, screening levels to evaluate the potential for toxicity associated with ecological receptor exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are lacking. Therefore, PFAS risk-based screening levels (RBSLs) were developed. Wildlife RBSLs were developed using surrogate receptors selected to be representative of threatened and endangered species with different habitat types, feeding guilds, and trophic levels. Published uptake and toxicity data were combined with receptor exposure factors to derive RBSLs for terrestrial and aquatic wildlife for several PFAS, including perfluorononanoic acid, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorohexanoic acid, perfluorobutanesulfonic acid, and pentafluorobenzoic acid. Uptake information for surrogate PFAS were considered to calculate RBSLs for PFAS with toxicity data and insufficient bioaccumulation data to develop an RBSL. Both no-observed-adverse effect level (NOAEL)- and lowest-observed-adverse effect level-based wildlife RBSLs were calculated to allow for a range of risk estimates appropriate to individual threatened and endangered species and populations of nonlisted wildlife receptors, respectively. Recommended water quality RBSLs protective of aquatic life were developed for 23 PFAS based on published literature reviews and peer-reviewed aquatic toxicity studies and Great Lakes Initiative methodology. For wildlife receptors, NOAEL RBSLs ranged from to 0.013 to 340 mg/kg for soil, 0.0014 to 370 mg/kg for sediment, and 0.000075 to 1600 mg/L for surface water. For aquatic life, chronic RBSLs ranged from 0.00022 to 3.4 mg/L. For terrestrial plants and soil invertebrates, the no-observed-effect concentration screening levels range from 0.084 to 642 mg/kg and from 1 to 50 mg/kg, respectively. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:921-936. © 2020 SETAC.
评估濒危物种面临的化学风险是超级基金生态风险评估的要求；然而，目前缺乏用于评估与生态受体接触全氟和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）相关毒性的潜在风险的筛选水平。因此，开发了 PFAS 风险基础筛选水平（RBSL）。选择具有不同栖息地类型、摄食群和营养级的受威胁和濒危物种的替代受体来开发野生动物 RBSL。将已发表的吸收和毒性数据与受体暴露因子结合起来，为几种 PFAS（包括全氟壬酸、全氟辛烷磺酸、全氟辛酸、全氟己酸、全氟丁烷磺酸和五氟苯甲酸）推导了陆生和水生野生动物的 RBSL。对于具有毒性数据和足够生物积累数据来开发 RBSL 的 PFAS，考虑替代 PFAS 的吸收信息来计算 RBSL。基于无观察到不良效应水平（NOAEL）和最低观察到不良效应水平，分别为有针对性的受威胁和濒危物种以及非列出野生动物受体种群计算了野生动物 RBSL，以分别为各自提供适当的风险估计范围。根据文献综述和同行评议的水生毒性研究以及大湖倡议方法，为 23 种 PFAS 开发了保护水生生物的推荐水质 RBSL。对于野生动物受体，土壤中 NOAEL RBSL 范围为 0.013 至 340mg/kg，沉积物中为 0.0014 至 370mg/kg，地表水为 0.000075 至 1600mg/L。对于水生生物，慢性 RBSL 范围为 0.00022 至 3.4mg/L。对于陆生植物和土壤无脊椎动物，无效应浓度筛选水平分别为 0.084 至 642mg/kg 和 1 至 50mg/kg。Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:921-936。© 2020 SETAC。
