Environment Protection Authority Victoria, Applied Sciences Division, Macleod, Victoria, Australia.
Department of Environment Land Water and Planning, Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
Environ Toxicol Chem. 2021 Mar;40(3):846-858. doi: 10.1002/etc.4818. Epub 2020 Sep 23.
The present study examined the occurrence and concentration of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) measured in game ducks (13 compounds), water, sediment, and soils (33 compounds) in waterways in Victoria, Australia. The study aimed to identify potential ecological and human health risks from measured PFAS concentrations. Four species of duck and samples of water, sediment, and soil were collected from 19 wetlands, which were chosen based on their popularity as hunting locations. The risks posed by 3 PFAS (perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorohexane sulfonic acid [PFHxS], and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid [PFOS]) to the environment and human health were assessed using available national ecological and human health guidelines. A diverse range of short- and long-chain carboxylic and sulfonic acids were found in the environment and in ducks. Concentrations were generally low and varied between wetlands, duck species, tissue analyzed (breast or liver), and environmental compartment (water, sediment, soil). Higher PFOS concentrations in water and sediments were observed at wetlands near sources of contamination (i.e., a defense base or urban environment). Elevated PFOS and PFOS + PFHxS concentrations in ducks were observed near local point sources but also at wetlands with no known point sources of contamination. There were clear differences in PFAS concentrations detected in duck tissues versus the environment, highlighting complexities of bioaccumulation, movement of animals, and spatiotemporal variation and raising questions about the relevance of using abiotic criteria to assess risk to biota. Human health risk assessment showed that only ducks inhabiting wetlands near local sources of PFAS were likely to pose a risk to consumers. Further studies are required to improve our knowledge of PFAS toxicokinetics and chronic impacts in biota to guide management decisions. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:846-858. © 2020 SETAC.
本研究检测了在澳大利亚维多利亚州水道中，猎鸭（13 种化合物）、水、沉积物和土壤（33 种化合物）中存在的全氟和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）的出现和浓度。该研究旨在确定测量的 PFAS 浓度对生态和人类健康的潜在风险。从 19 个湿地采集了 4 种鸭和水、沉积物和土壤样本，这些湿地是根据它们作为狩猎地点的受欢迎程度选择的。使用现有的国家生态和人类健康指南评估了 3 种 PFAS（全氟辛酸、全氟己烷磺酸[PFHxS]和全氟辛烷磺酸[PFOS]）对环境和人类健康构成的风险。在环境和鸭中发现了各种短链和长链羧酸和磺酸。浓度普遍较低，在湿地之间、鸭种、分析的组织（乳房或肝脏）和环境隔室（水、沉积物、土壤）之间有所不同。在靠近污染源（即防御基地或城市环境）的湿地中，水中和沉积物中的 PFOS 浓度较高。在靠近局部点源的鸭中观察到 PFOS 和 PFOS+PFHxS 浓度升高，但在没有已知点源污染的湿地中也观察到升高。在鸭组织与环境中检测到的 PFAS 浓度存在明显差异，这突出了生物积累、动物运动以及时空变化的复杂性，并对使用非生物标准评估生物群风险的相关性提出了质疑。人类健康风险评估表明，只有居住在靠近 PFAS 局部来源的湿地中的鸭可能对消费者构成风险。需要进一步研究来提高我们对生物群中 PFAS 毒代动力学和慢性影响的认识，以指导管理决策。Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:846-858. © 2020 SETAC.
