Department of Psychology, The University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.
J Trauma Stress. 2021 Jun;34(3):487-500. doi: 10.1002/jts.22646. Epub 2020 Dec 28.
Positive adaptation manifests differently in the aftermath of traumatic events. Methodological limitations, however, impede the ability to test conceptualizations of resilience that emphasize the multifaceted nature of these responses. In response, an approach that synthesized a residualized and person-centered conceptualization of resilience examined associations between aspects of resilience in an adolescent sample. In total, 584 racially/ethnically diverse adolescents (age range: 12-17 years; M = 14.98 years; SD = 1.05; 50.9% female; 30.1% White, 29.6% African American, 19.5% Hispanic) self-reported lifetime emotional maltreatment and community violence exposure as well as current levels of depression, posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), violent behavior, and psychological well-being (PWB). Each mental health outcome was regressed on lifetime trauma exposure to create residuals used as indices of resilience. Correlations between the residuals suggested that PWB was more closely related to resilience to depression and PTS, rs = .17-.30, than violent behavior, r = .00. Residuals were subsequently entered into person-centered analyses to identify representative well-being profiles. Cluster analysis identified four groups, including two adaptive profiles defined by (a) lower distress and higher PWB and (b) lower psychopathology and lower PWB, based on adolescents' levels of trauma exposure. These two profiles did not vary regarding impairment, p > .999, suggesting both profiles represent positive adaption to lifetime trauma exposure. Theoretical and clinical implications of distinguishing between these two profiles by assessing PWB in adolescents are discussed, as well as how PWB may manifest within the context of different patterns of psychological distress.
积极适应在创伤事件后表现不同。然而，方法学上的限制阻碍了测试强调这些反应多面性的适应力概念的能力。为了应对这一挑战，一种综合了适应力的剩余和个体中心概念化的方法，考察了青少年样本中适应力各个方面之间的关联。总共有 584 名种族/民族多样化的青少年（年龄范围：12-17 岁；M=14.98 岁；SD=1.05；50.9%为女性；30.1%为白人，29.6%为非裔美国人，19.5%为西班牙裔）自我报告了一生中的情感虐待和社区暴力暴露，以及当前的抑郁、创伤后应激症状（PTSS）、暴力行为和心理幸福感（PWB）水平。每个心理健康结果都回归到一生的创伤暴露，以创建用于衡量适应力的残差。残差之间的相关性表明，PWB 与对抑郁和 PTS 的适应力更密切相关，rs=.17-.30，而与暴力行为的相关性较低，r=.00。残差随后被纳入个体中心分析，以确定具有代表性的幸福感概况。聚类分析确定了四个群体，包括两个基于青少年创伤暴露水平的适应性群体：（a）较低的困扰和较高的 PWB，以及（b）较低的心理病理和较低的 PWB。这两个群体在损伤方面没有差异，p>.999，这表明这两个群体都代表了对一生创伤暴露的积极适应。讨论了通过评估青少年的 PWB 来区分这两种模式的理论和临床意义，以及 PWB 在不同心理困扰模式中的表现方式。
