Gamez-Belmonte Reyes, Erkert Lena, Wirtz Stefan, Becker Christoph
Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91052 Erlangen, Germany.
Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Dec 21;21(24):9772. doi: 10.3390/ijms21249772.
The gut is among the most complex organs of the human body. It has to exert several functions including food and water absorption while setting up an efficient barrier to the outside world. Dysfunction of the gut can be life-threatening. Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract such as inflammatory bowel disease, infections, or colorectal cancer, therefore, pose substantial challenges to clinical care. The intestinal epithelium plays an important role in intestinal disease development. It not only establishes an important barrier against the gut lumen but also constantly signals information about the gut lumen and its composition to immune cells in the bowel wall. Such signaling across the epithelial barrier also occurs in the other direction. Intestinal epithelial cells respond to cytokines and other mediators of immune cells in the lamina propria and shape the microbial community within the gut by producing various antimicrobial peptides. Thus, the epithelium can be considered as an interpreter between the microbiota and the mucosal immune system, safeguarding and moderating communication to the benefit of the host. Type 2 immune responses play important roles in immune-epithelial communication. They contribute to gut tissue homeostasis and protect the host against infections with helminths. However, they are also involved in pathogenic pathways in inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer. The current review provides an overview of current concepts regarding type 2 immune responses in intestinal physiology and pathophysiology.
肠道是人体最复杂的器官之一。它必须发挥多种功能，包括吸收食物和水分，同时建立起一道有效的对外界屏障。肠道功能紊乱可能危及生命。因此，胃肠道疾病，如炎症性肠病、感染或结直肠癌，对临床护理构成了重大挑战。肠上皮在肠道疾病发展中起着重要作用。它不仅对肠腔建立起重要屏障，还不断向肠壁内的免疫细胞传递有关肠腔及其成分的信息。这种跨越上皮屏障的信号传递也会以另一个方向发生。肠上皮细胞对固有层中免疫细胞的细胞因子和其他介质作出反应，并通过产生各种抗菌肽来塑造肠道内的微生物群落。因此，上皮可被视为微生物群与黏膜免疫系统之间的一种解释者，维护并调节交流以利于宿主。2型免疫反应在免疫-上皮交流中发挥重要作用。它们有助于肠道组织稳态，并保护宿主抵御蠕虫感染。然而，它们也参与炎症性肠病和结直肠癌的致病途径。本综述概述了目前关于肠道生理和病理生理学中2型免疫反应的概念。
