Paudel Sandeep, Mishra Neha, Agarwal Rajesh
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2023 Nov 26;16(12):1652. doi: 10.3390/ph16121652.
Phytochemicals are natural plant-derived products that provide significant nutrition, essential biomolecules, and flavor as part of our diet. They have long been known to confer protection against several diseases via their anti-inflammatory, immune-regulatory, anti-microbial, and several other properties. Deciphering the role of phytochemicals in the prevention, inhibition, and treatment of cancer-unrestrained cell proliferation due to the loss of tight regulation on cell growth and replication-has been the focus of recent research. Particularly, the immunomodulatory role of phytochemicals, which is pivotal in unchecked cell proliferation and metastasis, has recently been studied extensively. The immune system is a critical component of the tumor microenvironment, and it plays essential roles in both preventing and promoting oncogenesis. Immunomodulation includes stimulation, amplification, or inactivation of some stage(s) of the immune response. Phytochemicals and their products have demonstrated immune regulation, such as macrophage migration, nitric oxide synthase inhibition, lymphocyte, T-cell, and cytokine stimulation, natural killer cell augmentation, and NFκB, TNF, and apoptosis regulation. There is a dearth of extensive accounts of the immunomodulatory effects of phytochemicals in cancer; thus, we have compiled these effects with mechanistic aspects of dietary phytochemicals in cancer, highlighting promising candidates and ongoing clinical trials on immunotherapeutic strategies to mitigate oncogenesis.
植物化学物质是天然的植物衍生产品，作为我们饮食的一部分，它们提供重要的营养、必需的生物分子和风味。长期以来，人们一直知道它们通过抗炎、免疫调节、抗菌和其他多种特性来预防多种疾病。解读植物化学物质在癌症的预防、抑制和治疗中的作用——癌症是由于细胞生长和复制的严格调控丧失而导致的不受控制的细胞增殖——一直是近期研究的重点。特别是，植物化学物质的免疫调节作用在不受控制的细胞增殖和转移中起着关键作用，最近已得到广泛研究。免疫系统是肿瘤微环境的关键组成部分，它在预防和促进肿瘤发生中都起着重要作用。免疫调节包括免疫反应某些阶段的刺激、放大或失活。植物化学物质及其产物已显示出免疫调节作用，如巨噬细胞迁移、一氧化氮合酶抑制、淋巴细胞、T细胞和细胞因子刺激、自然杀伤细胞增强以及核因子κB、肿瘤坏死因子和细胞凋亡调节。目前缺乏关于植物化学物质在癌症中的免疫调节作用的广泛报道；因此，我们将这些作用与饮食中植物化学物质在癌症中的作用机制方面进行了汇总，重点介绍了有前景的候选物质以及正在进行的关于减轻肿瘤发生的免疫治疗策略的临床试验。
