Experienced Homophobia and HIV Infection Risk Among U.S. Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Meta-Analysis.

Experienced homophobia-negative treatment and perceptions that gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) encounter because of their sexual orientations-may promote HIV infection among MSM. We conducted a rapid review and meta-analysis to examine experienced homophobia in relation to HIV infection risk. We searched Embase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Sociological Abstracts to acquire data from U.S. studies published during 1992-2017. Studies examined experienced homophobia in relation to sexual risk behavior, poor HIV care continuum engagement, and diagnosed HIV infection. Random-effects models yielded summary odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Experienced homophobia was associated with having any sexual risk behavior (OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.25-1.42,  = 89.2%), receptive condomless anal sex (CAS) (OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.14-1.56,  = 63.6%), HIV-discordant CAS (OR = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.29-2.13,  = 85.3%), an increased number of sex partners (OR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.13-1.19,  = 0.0%), diagnosed HIV infection (OR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.10-1.64,  = 86.3%), and poor HIV care continuum engagement among MSM living with HIV (OR = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.02-2.08,  = 47.0%). Effect sizes for any sexual risk behavior were larger in samples with ≥50% Black or Latino (vs. White) MSM and for family-based mistreatment and perceived sexual minority stigma (vs. other homophobia types). Experienced homophobia is associated with HIV infection risk among MSM. Its association with sexual risk behavior may be stronger among Black and Latino (vs. White) MSM and for family-based mistreatment and perceived sexual minority stigma (vs. other homophobia types). Research is needed to better understand causality in these relationships and the role of interventions to reduce homophobia.