Šimić Goran, Vukić Vana, Kopić Janja, Krsnik Željka, Hof Patrick R
Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb Medical School, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, and Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
Biomolecules. 2020 Dec 22;11(1):2. doi: 10.3390/biom11010002.
The neural crest hypothesis states that the phenotypic features of the domestication syndrome are due to a reduced number or disruption of neural crest cells (NCCs) migration, as these cells differentiate at their final destinations and proliferate into different tissues whose activity is reduced by domestication. Comparing the phenotypic characteristics of modern and prehistoric man, it is clear that during their recent evolutionary past, humans also went through a process of self-domestication with a simultaneous prolongation of the period of socialization. This has led to the development of social abilities and skills, especially language, as well as neoteny. Disorders of neural crest cell development and migration lead to many different conditions such as Waardenburg syndrome, Hirschsprung disease, fetal alcohol syndrome, DiGeorge and Treacher-Collins syndrome, for which the mechanisms are already relatively well-known. However, for others, such as Williams-Beuren syndrome and schizophrenia that have the characteristics of hyperdomestication, and autism spectrum disorders, and 7dupASD syndrome that have the characteristics of hypodomestication, much less is known. Thus, deciphering the biological determinants of disordered self-domestication has great potential for elucidating the normal and disturbed ontogenesis of humans, as well as for the understanding of evolution of mammals in general.
神经嵴假说认为，驯化综合征的表型特征是由于神经嵴细胞（NCCs）迁移数量减少或迁移过程受到干扰，因为这些细胞在其最终目的地分化并增殖为不同的组织，而这些组织的活性因驯化而降低。比较现代人和史前人类的表型特征可以明显看出，在近代进化过程中，人类也经历了自我驯化的过程，同时社会化时期延长。这导致了社交能力和技能的发展，尤其是语言能力，以及幼态持续。神经嵴细胞发育和迁移的紊乱会导致许多不同的病症，如瓦登伯革氏综合征、先天性巨结肠、胎儿酒精综合征、迪格奥尔格综合征和特雷彻 - 柯林斯综合征，其发病机制已相对为人所知。然而，对于其他一些病症，如具有过度驯化特征的威廉姆斯 - 博伦综合征和精神分裂症，以及具有驯化不足特征的自闭症谱系障碍和7dupASD综合征，人们了解得要少得多。因此，解读自我驯化紊乱的生物学决定因素对于阐明人类正常和紊乱的个体发育，以及对于理解一般哺乳动物的进化具有巨大潜力。
