Breast Implant-associated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma.

Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) is an uncommon lymphoproliferative disorder, mainly associated with textured implants. The average time from the breast implants to the development of BIA-ALCL is about 7 to 10 years, and the median age at the time of diagnosis is in the mid-50s. The exact incidence and prevalence of BIA-ALCL are not known. The pathogenesis of BIA-ALCL remains unclear. Different theories have been postulated, including immune response to textured implants, subclinical bacterial infection, and genetic predisposition. However, none of those theories have yet been proven to be causal in the pathogenesis of BIA-ALCL. BIA-ALCL is histologically similar to but clinically distinct from other CD30-positive T-cell lymphomas such as anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive, anaplastic lymphoma kinase-negative, and primary cutaneous ALCL. The revised World Health Organization classification of lymphoid neoplasm in 2016 recognized BIA-ALCL as a provisional entity. Suspected cases need proper evaluation and workup to confirm the diagnosis. Surgical resection should be considered for all the cases. However, adjuvant radiotherapy and anthracycline-based chemotherapy are warranted for locally advanced and advanced cases.