School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand.
Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College for Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia.
Adv Colloid Interface Sci. 2021 Feb;288:102337. doi: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102337. Epub 2020 Dec 13.
Multiple international agencies have recently raised environmental and health concerns regarding plastics in nanoforms (nanoplastics), but there is insufficient knowledge of their properties to allow for an accurate risk assessment to be conducted and any risks managed. For this reason, research into the toxicity of nanoplastics has focused strongly on documenting their impacts on biological organisms. One scope of this review is to summarise the recent findings on the adverse effects on biological organisms and strategies which can be adopted to advance our understanding of nanoplastic properties and their toxicity. Specifically, a mechanistic approach has already been employed in nanotoxicology, which focuses on the cause-and-effect relationships to establish a tool that predicts the biological impacts based on nanoparticle characteristics. Identifying the chemical and biological bases behind the observed biological effects (such as in vitro cellular response) is a major challenge, due to the intricate nature of nanoparticle-biological molecule complexes and an unawareness of their interaction with other biological targets, particularly at interfacial level. An exemplary case includes protein corona formation and ecological molecule corona (eco-corona) for nanoplastics. Therefore, the second scope of this review is to discuss recent findings and importance of (for both non-plastic and plastic nanoparticles) coronae formation and structure. Finally, we discuss the opportunities provided by model system approaches (model protein corona and lipid bilayer) to deepen the understanding of the above-mentioned perspectives, and corroborate the findings from in vitro experiments.
多个国际机构最近对纳米形式（纳米塑料）的塑料的环境和健康问题表示担忧，但由于对其性质缺乏足够的了解，无法进行准确的风险评估和管理任何风险。出于这个原因，纳米塑料毒性的研究主要集中在记录它们对生物有机体的影响上。本次综述的一个范围是总结关于生物有机体的不利影响的最新发现，以及可以采用的策略，以提高我们对纳米塑料性质及其毒性的理解。具体来说，纳米毒理学已经采用了一种机制方法，该方法侧重于因果关系，以建立一种根据纳米颗粒特征预测生物影响的工具。由于纳米颗粒-生物分子复合物的复杂性质以及对它们与其他生物靶标相互作用的认识不足，特别是在界面水平上，确定观察到的生物效应（如体外细胞反应）背后的化学和生物学基础是一个主要挑战。一个典型的例子包括蛋白质冠形成和纳米塑料的生态分子冠（生态冠）。因此，本次综述的第二个范围是讨论（对于非塑料和塑料纳米颗粒）冠形成和结构的最新发现和重要性。最后，我们讨论了模型系统方法（模型蛋白冠和脂质双层）提供的机会，以加深对上述观点的理解，并证实体外实验的结果。
