Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA.
Western Illinois University-Quad Cities, Moline, IL, USA.
Behav Genet. 2021 Mar;51(2):125-136. doi: 10.1007/s10519-020-10034-8. Epub 2021 Jan 1.
Self-esteem is an attitude about the self that predicts psychopathology and general well-being. Parenting practices have been shown to be related to self-esteem, but these estimates are confounded because parents and children share genes. The aim of the present study was to use the monozygotic (MZ) twin difference design to isolate the non-shared environmental impact of remembered parenting on self-esteem. In a sample of 1328 adults (345 MZ twin pairs, 319 DZ twin pairs), retrospective reports of maternal and paternal affection were related to self-esteem, all of which were significantly heritable. Using MZ difference scores, paternal affection differences, but not maternal affection differences, were significantly related to self-esteem differences. These results suggest that parenting provided by the father directly impacts self-esteem through non-shared environmental mechanisms. Maternal affection, on the other hand, impacts self-esteem through shared genes (not shared environment, as shared environment was not a significant aspect of self-esteem). This has implications for parenting intervention programs.
自尊是一种关于自我的态度，它可以预测心理病理学和整体幸福感。养育方式已被证明与自尊有关，但这些估计受到了混淆，因为父母和孩子共享基因。本研究的目的是使用同卵（MZ）双胞胎差异设计来分离对自尊的记忆中养育的非共享环境影响。在 1328 名成年人（345 对 MZ 双胞胎，319 对 DZ 双胞胎）的样本中，母亲和父亲情感的回顾性报告与自尊有关，所有这些都具有明显的遗传性。使用 MZ 差异分数，父亲情感差异与自尊差异显著相关，但母亲情感差异则不相关。这些结果表明，父亲提供的养育方式通过非共享环境机制直接影响自尊。另一方面，母亲的情感通过共享基因（而不是共享环境，因为共享环境不是自尊的重要方面）影响自尊。这对养育干预计划有影响。
