Kendler K S
Department of Psychiatry, Medical College of Virginia/Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA.
Am J Psychiatry. 1996 Jan;153(1):11-20. doi: 10.1176/ajp.153.1.11.
To understand the relation between parenting and later psychopathology, it is important to clarify the role of genetic and environmental factors in both the elicitation and the provision of parenting behavior.
A 16-item version of the Parental Bonding Instrument was administered to 1) 606 fathers and 848 mothers of an epidemiologic sample of adult female-female twin pairs, who reported on their parenting of their twins; 2) the twins (both members of 546 monozygotic and 390 dizygotic pairs), who reported on the parenting they had received from their father and mother; 3) co-twins from these pairs, who reported on the parenting provided by their father and mother to their twin sister; and 4) members of the adult twin pairs (145 monozygotic and 117 dizygotic) who both had children, who reported on the parenting they provided to their offspring. The data were subjected to model fitting decomposing three sources of variance: additive genetic factors; family, or common, environment; and an individual's unique environment.
Responses to the Parental Bonding Instrument produced three factors: parental warmth, protectiveness, and authoritarianism. According to parents, these factors were largely a common environmental experience for their children. Responses from twins, however, indicated that genetic factors played a substantial role in the elicitation of warmth from parents and a more modest role in influencing parental protectiveness and authoritarianism. While reports of twins and co-twins on protectiveness and authoritarianism yielded similar results, analysis of responses from co-twins indicated a degree of importance of genetic factors in eliciting parental warmth which was midway between that from parents' reports and twins' reports. Answers from twins as parents indicated that provision of warmth was substantially heritable, while resemblance between twins in providing protectiveness and authoritarianism was due to family environment.
The provision of parenting is influenced by attitudes derived from the parent's family of origin as well as by genetically influenced parental temperamental characteristics. The elicitation of parenting is influenced by temperamental traits of the offspring that are, in turn, under partial genetic control. Genetic factors in both parent and child are more important for warmth than for protectiveness or authoritarianism.
为了解养育方式与后期精神病理学之间的关系，明确遗传和环境因素在引发养育行为及提供养育方式过程中的作用非常重要。
对以下人群施测了16项版的父母养育方式问卷：1）成年女性双胞胎对的流行病学样本中的606名父亲和848名母亲，他们报告对双胞胎的养育情况；2）双胞胎（546对同卵双胞胎和390对异卵双胞胎的双方成员），他们报告从父亲和母亲那里得到的养育情况；3）这些双胞胎对中的同胞，他们报告父亲和母亲给予其双胞胎姐妹的养育情况；4）有孩子的成年双胞胎对（145对同卵双胞胎和117对异卵双胞胎）的成员，他们报告对自己后代的养育情况。对数据进行模型拟合，分解三种方差来源：加性遗传因素、家庭（或共同）环境以及个体的独特环境。
对父母养育方式问卷的回答产生了三个因素：父母温暖、保护欲和专制程度。父母认为，这些因素在很大程度上是其子女的共同环境体验。然而，双胞胎的回答表明，遗传因素在引发父母的温暖方面发挥了重要作用，在影响父母的保护欲和专制程度方面作用较小。虽然双胞胎和同胞对保护欲和专制程度的报告结果相似，但对同胞回答的分析表明，遗传因素在引发父母温暖方面的重要程度介于父母报告和双胞胎报告之间。作为父母的双胞胎的回答表明，给予温暖在很大程度上是可遗传的，而双胞胎在提供保护欲和专制程度方面的相似性归因于家庭环境。
养育方式的提供受到源自父母原生家庭的态度以及受遗传影响的父母气质特征的影响。养育行为的引发受到后代气质特征的影响，而这些气质特征又部分受遗传控制。父母和孩子的遗传因素对温暖的影响比对保护欲或专制程度的影响更为重要。
