Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Avcilar, 34320, Istanbul, Turkey.
Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, 34116, Istanbul, Turkey.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021 Apr;28(13):16380-16393. doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-12221-w. Epub 2021 Jan 2.
This study investigates the presence of the different classes of micro-pollutants such as pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs) (20 antibiotics, 8 analgesics and anti-inflammatories, 5 cytostatic agents, 7 β-blockers, 4 lipid regulators, 13 psychiatrics, 1 antidiabetic, 1 receptor antagonist, 1 local anaesthetic, 1 antihypertensive and their 5 metabolites), hormones (8 compounds), X-ray contrast agents (6 compounds), benzotriazoles (3 compounds) and pesticides (6 compounds), and antibiotic resistance in hospital wastewater (HWW) of a medical faculty in Istanbul, Turkey. In addition, the seasonal variations of the selected PhACs and X-ray contrast agents and antibiotic resistance were evaluated for 2 years in a total of eight samples. In the PhACs, sulfamethoxazole and its metabolite (4 N-acethyl-sulfamethoxazole) in the antibiotic group and paracetamol in the analgesic and anti-inflammatory group were found at 100% of frequency and the highest concentrations as 35, 43 and 210 μg/L, respectively. The mean concentrations of psychiatric compounds were found less than 0.25 μg/L except carbamazepine (1.36 μg/L). Bisphenol A in hormone group had the highest concentration up to 14 μg/L. In the hormone group compounds, 17-α-Ethinylestradiol and 17-β-Estradiol were detected at lower mean concentrations of 0.2 and 0.05 μg/L, respectively. 1H-benzotriazole had the highest concentration with the mean concentration of 24.8 μg/L in benzotriazole group compounds. The compounds in X-ray contrast agents group were noted as compounds detected at the highest concentration in HWW up to 3000 μg/L. Antibiotic resistance against azithromycin, clindamycin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole antibiotics was observed around 50% in the winter period. The seasonal variation was detected for the most of the investigated PhACs, especially in antibiotic group which was in line with those significant differences in antibiotic resistance rates in the studied antibiotics between winter and summer seasons.
本研究调查了不同类别的微污染物的存在，如药物活性化合物（PhACs）（20 种抗生素、8 种镇痛药和消炎药、5 种细胞抑制剂、7 种β受体阻滞剂、4 种脂质调节剂、13 种精神药物、1 种抗糖尿病药、1 种受体拮抗剂、1 种局部麻醉剂、1 种降压药及其 5 种代谢物）、激素（8 种化合物）、X 射线造影剂（6 种化合物）、苯并三唑（3 种化合物）和农药（6 种化合物），以及土耳其伊斯坦布尔一所医学院的医院废水（HWW）中的抗生素耐药性。此外，在两年内共采集了 8 个样本，评估了所选 PhACs 和 X 射线造影剂的季节性变化以及抗生素耐药性。在 PhACs 中，抗生素组中的磺胺甲恶唑及其代谢物（4-N-乙酰磺胺甲恶唑）和镇痛药和消炎药组中的扑热息痛的出现频率为 100%，浓度分别为 35、43 和 210μg/L。精神药物的平均浓度发现低于 0.25μg/L，除了卡马西平（1.36μg/L）。激素组中最高浓度的是双酚 A，达 14μg/L。在激素组化合物中，17-α-乙炔雌二醇和 17-β-雌二醇的平均浓度分别为 0.2 和 0.05μg/L。1H-苯并三唑的平均浓度最高，为 24.8μg/L，在苯并三唑组化合物中。X 射线造影剂组中的化合物是在 HWW 中检测到的最高浓度达 3000μg/L 的化合物。对阿奇霉素、克林霉素和甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲恶唑抗生素的抗生素耐药性在冬季约为 50%。大多数研究的 PhACs 都存在季节性变化，尤其是在抗生素组，这与冬季和夏季研究抗生素的抗生素耐药率存在显著差异一致。
