National Centre for Coastal Research (NCCR), Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, NIOT Campus, Pallikaranai, Chennai 600100, India.
National Centre for Coastal Research (NCCR), Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, NIOT Campus, Pallikaranai, Chennai 600100, India.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2021 Jan 15;208:111612. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111612. Epub 2020 Nov 14.
Water quality standards are essential for regulation of contaminants in marine environment. Seawater quality criteria (SWQC) for arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) have not been developed for India. The aim of this study is to derive the SWQC for the metals based on Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD). Eight species of sensitive marine organisms belonging to five phyla were assessed for their sensitivity to toxicity of As, Cd and Pb. Median effective concentrations (EC) and Median Lethal Concentrations (LC) were derived from the acute toxicity bio-assays. No Observed Effect Concentrations (NOEC), Lowest Observed Effect Concentrations (LOEC) and chronic values were derived from chronic toxicity bio-assays. Diatoms were more sensitive to As with 96 h EC of 0.1 mg/l and copepods were more sensitive to Cd and Pb with 96 h EC of 0.019 mg/l and 0.05 mg/l respectively. Estimated NOECs ranged from 4.87 to 21.55 µg/l of As, 1.0 to 120 µg/l of Cd and 5.67 to 91.67 µg/l of Pb. Similarly, chronic values (µg/l) were in the range of 6.71-26.1, 1.38-170, and 7.67-91.67 of As, Cd and Pb respectively. The Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC), Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC) and Predicted No Effect Concentration (PNEC) values were prescribed as SWQC. The CMC (µg/l) of 19, 1.7 and 17 for As, Cd, and Pb were derived respectively for acute exposure during accidental marine outfalls. The CCC (µg/l) for As was 4.6, 1.1 for Cd and 5.9 for Pb are recommended as SWQC for protection of 95% of marine organisms. PNEC (µg/l) of 3.8 for As, 0.92 for Cd and 4.3 for Pb are suggested for highly disturbed ecosystems, shell fishing and mariculture uses of water bodies. These values are recommended as a baseline for site specific water quality criteria for the coastal waters of the country.
水质标准是规范海洋环境污染物的重要依据。印度尚未制定砷（As）、镉（Cd）和铅（Pb）的海水质量标准（SWQC）。本研究旨在基于物种敏感性分布（SSD）来制定这些金属的 SWQC。评估了来自五个门的 8 种敏感海洋生物对 As、Cd 和 Pb 毒性的敏感性。从中急性毒性生物测定得出中效应浓度（EC）和中致死浓度（LC）。从慢性毒性生物测定得出无观察效应浓度（NOEC）、最低观察效应浓度（LOEC）和慢性值。甲藻对 As 最敏感，96 h EC 为 0.1 mg/L，桡足类动物对 Cd 和 Pb 最敏感，96 h EC 分别为 0.019 mg/L 和 0.05 mg/L。估计的 NOEC 范围为 4.87-21.55μg/L 的 As、1.0-120μg/L 的 Cd 和 5.67-91.67μg/L 的 Pb。同样，慢性值（μg/L）分别为 6.71-26.1、1.38-170 和 7.67-91.67μg/L 的 As、Cd 和 Pb。准则最大浓度（CMC）、准则连续浓度（CCC）和预测无影响浓度（PNEC）值被规定为 SWQC。在海洋溢油事故中，急性暴露时，As、Cd 和 Pb 的 CMC（μg/L）分别为 19、1.7 和 17。建议将 CCC（μg/L）设定为 As 4.6、Cd 1.1 和 Pb 5.9，以保护 95%的海洋生物。建议将 PNEC（μg/L）设定为 3.8μg/L 的 As、0.92μg/L 的 Cd 和 4.3μg/L 的 Pb，用于高度受干扰的生态系统、贝类捕捞和水产养殖用水。这些值被建议作为该国沿海地区特定地点水质标准的基准。
