Ma Y Y, Feng T S, Fu R X, Li M
China Ordnance Society, Chang Ping, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
J Trauma. 1988 Jan;28(1 Suppl):S230-5. doi: 10.1097/00005373-198801001-00051.
The wounding characteristics to a biological target of four typical shapes of fragments (square, triangular, cylindrical, and spherical) with masses of less than 1 gram and velocities between 460 and 1,500 m/s are studied in this paper. The following conclusions about the effects of the wounding factors, such as energy transfer, velocity, mass, and shape of fragment are presented: 1) For given target characteristics, the important wounding factors of fragments are impact velocity, mass, and shape, and of these velocity is the most important. 2) Besides direct effects, the fragment velocity has great influence on far-reaching, indirect wounding effects. When velocity increases, it not only increases the size of direct wound, but also the rate of indirect bone fracture. 3) The rate of energy transfer is affected by fragment shape, and it is also a decreasing function of mass. 4) Under the same conditions there are differences in wounding effectiveness among the four fragment shapes, the triangular with a comparatively high wounding effectiveness, followed by the square, cylindrical, and spherical. The types of wound channels are also different, the cylindrical and spherical making a "through" type, the square and triangular making a "blind-tube" type.
本文研究了质量小于1克、速度在460至1500米/秒之间的四种典型形状（方形、三角形、圆柱形和球形）碎片对生物目标的致伤特性。给出了关于能量传递、速度、质量和碎片形状等致伤因素影响的以下结论：1）对于给定的目标特性，碎片的重要致伤因素是撞击速度、质量和形状，其中速度最为重要。2）除直接作用外，碎片速度对深远的间接致伤作用有很大影响。速度增加时，不仅直接伤口尺寸增大，间接骨折发生率也增加。3）能量传递率受碎片形状影响，且也是质量的递减函数。4）在相同条件下，四种碎片形状的致伤效能存在差异，三角形致伤效能相对较高，其次是方形、圆柱形和球形。伤口通道类型也不同，圆柱形和球形形成“贯通”型，方形和三角形形成“盲管”型。
