Koganti Prasanthi, Yao Jianbo, Cleveland Beth M
Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506-6108, USA.
USDA ARS National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA.
Animals (Basel). 2020 Dec 30;11(1):61. doi: 10.3390/ani11010061.
Growth rates in fish are largely dependent on genetic and environmental factors, of which the latter can be highly variable throughout development. For this reason, muscle growth in fish is particularly dynamic as muscle structure and function can be altered by environmental conditions, a concept referred to as muscle plasticity. Myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) like Myogenin, MyoD, and Pax7 control the myogenic mechanisms regulating quiescent muscle cell maintenance, proliferation, and differentiation, critical processes central for muscle plasticity. This review focuses on recent advancements in molecular mechanisms involving microRNAs (miRNAs) and DNA methylation that regulate the expression and activity of MRFs in fish. Findings provide overwhelming support that these mechanisms are significant regulators of muscle plasticity, particularly in response to environmental factors like temperature and nutritional challenges. Genetic variation in DNA methylation and miRNA expression also correlate with variation in body weight and growth, suggesting that genetic markers related to these mechanisms may be useful for genomic selection strategies. Collectively, this knowledge improves the understanding of mechanisms regulating muscle plasticity and can contribute to the development of husbandry and breeding strategies that improve growth performance and the ability of the fish to respond to environmental challenges.
鱼类的生长速度在很大程度上取决于遗传和环境因素，其中环境因素在整个发育过程中可能高度可变。因此，鱼类的肌肉生长特别具有动态性，因为肌肉结构和功能会受到环境条件的影响而改变，这一概念被称为肌肉可塑性。肌生成调节因子（MRFs），如肌细胞生成素、肌分化抗原（MyoD）和配对盒蛋白7（Pax7），控制着调节静止肌肉细胞维持、增殖和分化的肌生成机制，这些关键过程是肌肉可塑性的核心。本综述聚焦于涉及微小RNA（miRNAs）和DNA甲基化的分子机制的最新进展，这些机制调节鱼类中MRFs的表达和活性。研究结果提供了压倒性的支持，即这些机制是肌肉可塑性的重要调节因子，特别是在应对温度和营养挑战等环境因素时。DNA甲基化和miRNA表达的遗传变异也与体重和生长的变异相关，这表明与这些机制相关的遗传标记可能对基因组选择策略有用。总的来说，这些知识增进了对调节肌肉可塑性机制的理解，并有助于制定养殖和育种策略，以提高生长性能以及鱼类应对环境挑战的能力。
