Instituto Politécnico de Beja, Rua Pedro Soares (IPBeja)-Campus do IPBeja, 7800-295, Beja, Portugal.
Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de Elvas, 06006, Badajoz, Spain.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021 Apr;28(15):18382-18391. doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-11933-3. Epub 2021 Jan 4.
The winery wastewater (WW) of the Village of Vidigueira, in south of Portugal, presented an acid pH (4.26 ± 0.029), a high content of chemical oxygen demand (COD = 3236 ± 30.43 mg L), turbidity (160.0 ± 7.68 NTU), total P (155.5 ± 6.36 mg L) K (100.5 mg L), and low level of metals: Pb, Cd, Cu, Ni, Mn, Fe, Zn. The K and the total P content could make them attractive from an agricultural point of view. However, the high turbidity biochemical oxygen demand (BOD = 1266.7 ± 208.7 mg O L) fecal coliforms (45 ± 29.8 ufc/100 mL) and toxicological total phenols 13.239 ± 3.007 mg galic acid L is the main limiting parameters. By using 5 g L of lime solution, the best reactional conditions are achieved: pH = 12 with a minimum volume of the produced sludge's, 33.5 ± 4.92 mL L. These reactional conditions allow reaching high removal levels of BOD, turbidity, total P, and total phenols: 77.9, 98.7%, 87.1%, and 99.9%, respectively. Simultaneously, the fecal coliforms and Enterococcus are 100% eliminated. The precipitate obtained is rich in calcium (2.7891 ± 0.4350 mg Ca kg) organic matter (10.05 ± 0.11%), P (895.0 ± 35.4 mg PO kg), and K (990.0 ± 84.9 mg KO kg). During carbonatation reactions, the pH (7.46) and electrical conductivity (EC) (1.805 dS m) decreased spontaneously while the Ca, K, and F kept high: 426.53 mg L, 240.53 mg L, 176.03 mg L, respectively.
葡萄牙南部比迪盖拉村的酿酒废水呈现出酸性 pH 值（4.26 ± 0.029）、高化学需氧量（COD = 3236 ± 30.43mg/L）、高浑浊度（160.0 ± 7.68NTU）、高总磷（155.5 ± 6.36mg/L）、高钾（100.5mg/L），以及低水平的金属：铅、镉、铜、镍、锰、铁、锌。从农业角度来看，钾和总磷的含量可能很有吸引力。然而，高浑浊度生化需氧量（BOD = 1266.7 ± 208.7mgO/L）、粪大肠菌群（45 ± 29.8ufc/100mL）和毒性总酚 13.239 ± 3.007mg 没食子酸/L 是主要的限制因素。使用 5gL 的石灰溶液，可以达到最佳的反应条件：pH = 12，生成的污泥体积最小，为 33.5 ± 4.92mL/L。这些反应条件可以实现 BOD、浑浊度、总磷和总酚的高去除率：分别为 77.9%、98.7%、87.1%和 99.9%。同时，粪大肠菌群和肠球菌也被 100%消除。所得沉淀富含钙（2.7891 ± 0.4350mg/kg）、有机物（10.05 ± 0.11%）、磷（895.0 ± 35.4mgPO/kg）和钾（990.0 ± 84.9mgKO/kg）。在碳酸化反应过程中，pH 值（7.46）和电导率（EC）（1.805dS/m）会自动降低，而 Ca、K 和 F 的含量则保持较高水平：分别为 426.53mg/L、240.53mg/L、176.03mg/L。
