Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia; Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia.
Infect Genet Evol. 2021 Mar;88:104703. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104703. Epub 2021 Jan 2.
Noroviruses are recognized as a leading cause of outbreaks and sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) among individuals of all ages worldwide, especially in children <5 years old. We investigated the epidemiology of noroviruses among hospitalized children at two hospitals in East Java, Indonesia. Stool samples were collected from 966 children with AGE during September 2015-July 2019. All samples were analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the amplification of both the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and the capsid genes of noroviruses. The genotypes were determined by phylogenetic analyses. In 2015-2019, noroviruses were detected in 12.3% (119/966) of the samples. Children <2 years old showed a significantly higher prevalence than those ≥2 years old (P = 0.01). NoV infections were observed throughout the year, with the highest prevalence in December. Based on our genetic analyses of RdRp, GII.[P31] (43.7%, 31/71) was the most prevalent RdRp genotype, followed by GII.[P16] (36.6%, 26/71). GII.[P31] was a dominant genotype in 2016 and 2018, whereas GII.[P16] was a dominant genotype in 2015 and 2017. Among the capsid genotypes, the most predominant norovirus genotype from 2015 to 2018 was GII.4 Sydney_2012 (33.6%, 40/119). The most prevalent genotype in each year was GII.13 in 2015, GII.4 Sydney_2012 in 2016 and 2018, and GII.3 in 2017. Based on the genetic analyses of RdRp and capsid sequences, the strains were clustered into 13 RdRp/capsid genotypes; 12 of them were discordant, e.g., GII.4 Sydney[P31], GII.3[P16], and GII.13[P16]. The predominant genotype in each year was GII.13[P16] in 2015, GII.4 Sydney[P31] in 2016, GII.3[P16] in 2017, and GII.4 Sydney[P31] in 2018. Our results demonstrate high detection rates and genetic diversity of norovirus GII genotypes in pediatric AGE samples from Indonesia. These findings strengthen the importance of the continuous molecular surveillance of emerging norovirus strains.
诺如病毒是全球各年龄段人群急性胃肠炎（AGE）暴发和散发病例的主要原因，尤其是 5 岁以下儿童。我们调查了印度尼西亚东爪哇的两家医院住院儿童中诺如病毒的流行病学情况。在 2015 年 9 月至 2019 年 7 月期间，采集了 966 例 AGE 患儿的粪便样本。所有样本均通过逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）分析，以扩增诺如病毒的 RNA 依赖性 RNA 聚合酶（RdRp）和衣壳基因。通过系统发育分析确定基因型。在 2015-2019 年期间，在 119/966 份样本中检测到诺如病毒（12.3%）。<2 岁的儿童比≥2 岁的儿童有更高的检出率（P=0.01）。诺如病毒全年均可检出，12 月检出率最高。基于我们对 RdRp 的遗传分析，GII.[P31]（43.7%，31/71）是最常见的 RdRp 基因型，其次是 GII.[P16]（36.6%，26/71）。GII.[P31]是 2016 年和 2018 年的主要基因型，而 GII.[P16]是 2015 年和 2017 年的主要基因型。在衣壳基因型方面，2015 年至 2018 年最主要的诺如病毒基因型是 GII.4 Sydney_2012（33.6%，40/119）。每年最主要的基因型是 2015 年的 GII.13、2016 年和 2018 年的 GII.4 Sydney_2012 以及 2017 年的 GII.3。基于 RdRp 和衣壳序列的遗传分析，这些毒株聚类为 13 种 RdRp/衣壳基因型；其中 12 种基因型不一致，例如 GII.4 Sydney[P31]、GII.3[P16]和 GII.13[P16]。每年的主要基因型是 2015 年的 GII.13[P16]、2016 年的 GII.4 Sydney[P31]、2017 年的 GII.3[P16]和 2018 年的 GII.4 Sydney[P31]。我们的研究结果表明，印度尼西亚儿科 AGE 样本中诺如病毒 GII 基因型的检出率和遗传多样性较高。这些发现强调了对新型诺如病毒株进行持续分子监测的重要性。
