Vascular anatomy of the upper extremity muscles.

This study delineates the vascular anatomy of the upper extremity with particular attention toward the size, location, and number of vascular pedicles supplying each muscle. Ten cadaver upper extremities were dissected. A total of 440 muscles and 2209 pedicles were identified. The major "named" arterial source, number of pedicles, and pattern of perfusion for each muscle were delineated. Detailed description of the vascular anatomy of muscles commonly used for tendon transfer and local flaps is presented. The potential use of the coracobrachialis flap for contouring the infraclavicular area is elucidated. The anatomic bases of the anconeus and flexor carpi ulnaris flaps are confirmed. The radial and ulnar arteries may be used as microvascular donor or recipient vessels without compromising forearm muscle perfusion.