Correlation - European Harm Reduction Network, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
Harm Reduct J. 2021 Jan 6;18(1):3. doi: 10.1186/s12954-020-00451-7.
Civil society organisations (CSOs) play a vital role in developing and implementing effective measures to reduce the harms of drug use. They are also fundamental actors to monitor and evaluate programmes and policies for improvement. While harm reduction services are subject to monitoring, and international and European indicators exist, a framework for civil society-led monitoring does not exist. This paper analyses the challenges and added values of developing such a framework for the European region.
Since 2018, a technical working group within Correlation-European Harm Reduction Network (C-EHRN) is developing and revising a monitoring framework, collecting-through National Focal Points-the experience of harm reduction service providers and service users in 34 European countries. The first round of data collection, in 2019, focused on hepatitis C, overdose prevention, new drug trends and civil society involvement in drug policies.
Developing CSO-based harm reduction monitoring is a learning by doing process. Assuring reliability and national representativeness of the data was a central challenge. As most CSOs have little or no experience with monitoring and research and work in a local-based context, the monitoring approach and its indicators were adjusted to the local context in the second round, bringing more in-depth information and helping to improve results' reliability. While this implied shifting from the initial focus on comparing responses at a national level, the change to collecting qualitative data reflecting local realities of service policies and delivery provides the foundations for a critical appraisal of these realities against European policy goals. This allowed to map discrepancies between official policies and their implementation, as well as identify gaps in and complement data collection from national-level agencies.
By focusing on local experiences regarding the delivery of global and European policy targets, C-EHRN monitoring uses the unique strengths of its CSOs network and generates information that complements the reporting by other monitoring agencies. Data reflecting the CSOs perspective is essential for optimising local planning of service provision and development of effective and respectful drug policies at national and European level. If data quality issues, as well as the sustainability of reporting, are adequately addressed, civil society monitoring can provide excellent added value for the monitoring of harm reduction in Europe.
民间社会组织（CSO）在制定和实施有效措施减少毒品危害方面发挥着至关重要的作用。它们也是监测和评估方案和政策以寻求改进的基本行为体。虽然减少伤害服务受到监测，并且存在国际和欧洲指标，但没有民间主导的监测框架。本文分析了为欧洲区域制定此类框架所面临的挑战和带来的附加值。
自 2018 年以来，关联-欧洲减少伤害网络（Correlation-European Harm Reduction Network，C-EHRN）内的一个技术工作组一直在开发和修订监测框架，通过国家联络点收集 34 个欧洲国家的减少伤害服务提供者和服务使用者的经验。第一轮数据收集于 2019 年进行，重点是丙型肝炎、预防过量用药、新毒品趋势和民间社会参与毒品政策。
开展基于民间社会组织的减少伤害监测是一个边做边学的过程。确保数据的可靠性和国家代表性是一个核心挑战。由于大多数民间社会组织在监测和研究方面经验甚少或没有经验，并且工作以地方为基础，因此在第二轮中调整了监测方法及其指标，以适应地方情况，从而提供更深入的信息，并有助于提高结果的可靠性。虽然这意味着从最初侧重于在国家一级比较应对措施的重点转移，但转向收集反映服务政策和提供方面当地实际情况的定性数据为根据欧洲政策目标对这些实际情况进行批判性评估奠定了基础。这使得能够发现官方政策与其执行之间的差异，并查明国家一级机构数据收集方面的差距。
通过关注实现全球和欧洲政策目标方面的当地经验，C-EHRN 监测利用其民间社会组织网络的独特优势，生成了补充其他监测机构报告的信息。反映民间社会组织观点的数据对于优化服务提供的地方规划以及在国家和欧洲层面制定有效和尊重毒品政策至关重要。如果能够适当解决数据质量问题以及报告的可持续性问题，民间社会监测可为欧洲减少伤害监测提供极佳的附加值。
