A Quantitative Assessment and Biomagnification of Mercury and Its Associated Health Risks from Fish Consumption in Freshwater Lakes of Azad Kashmir, Pakistan.

Issues regarding biomagnification of mercury (Hg) due to its persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity in freshwater lakes have gained much attention in the last two decades especially in remote regions of the world where anthropogenic inputs are considered as negligible. In this study, spatial distribution of total mercury (THg), interspecific accumulation patterns, trophic transfer, and associated health risks in fish of freshwater lakes (357-3107 masl) in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan, were investigated. THg concentrations in the regions were 0.20 ± 0.08 μg g in glacial, 0.54 ± 0.21 μg g in rural, and 1.35 ± 0.46 μg g in urban region. Omnivorous, herbivorous, and carnivorous fish showed THg concentrations of 0.94, 0.85, and 0.49 μg g. Regional, lake, trophic level, and specie-specific differences of THg accumulation were found significant in the study. Among growth parameters, length and age varied significantly among species, trophic levels, and lakes, whereas weight showed significant variation among lakes as well. Condition factor (K) showed significant differences within species, lakes, and trophic levels. Biomagnification was observed in all lakes with the trophic magnification slopes (TMS) ranging from 0.03 to 0.20 with an average of 0.094 ± 0.07. Isotopic values of nitrogen (δN) and condition factor were found to dominate THg accumulation trends; however, no significant health risks were found in the study.