Liverpool John Moores University, IC1 Liverpool Science Park, 131 Mount Pleasant, L3 5TF Liverpool, UK.
University of Dundee, College of Life Sciences, Dow Street, DD1 5EH Dundee, UK.
Leg Med (Tokyo). 2021 Mar;49:101833. doi: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2020.101833. Epub 2020 Dec 28.
Several methods aid with reconstructing features of the human nose, including angle, projection and width, but only one study by Davy-Jow et al. (2012) has focused on nose tip shape. The main finding was that the shape of the nasal bridge is consistent with the shape of the nose tip. The study also theorised that the method would not be suitable for snub (upturned) noses. Although promising, further investigation with a larger sample of different origin would be of benefit. In addition, grouping samples into upturned, horizontal and downturned nose tips could reveal the need for a difference in the applied method. The approach has been recreated with a larger sample size (N = 103 versus N = 25) derived from a modern German population. Based on soft tissue models, the individuals were firstly grouped into three categories; upturned, horizontal, and downturned noses. Computed Tomography (CT) data allowed the simultaneous visualisation of both skull and (semi-transparent) facial surfaces. Each head was viewed frontally in the Frankfurt Horizontal Plane (FHP), and then tilted back until the nasal tip superimposed the nasal bridge, with the angle of tilt measured from the FHP. The results show that the angle of tilt is significantly different for upturned, horizontal, and downturned noses, but that it can be equally applied to all three groups. The mean angle was 44° for upturned noses, 51° for horizontal, and 56° for downturned. Error studies suggest a very high accuracy and repeatability with intra-class correlation coefficients of 0.991 (inter-observer error) and 0.972 (intra-observer error) respectively.
有几种方法可以帮助重建人类鼻子的特征，包括角度、突出度和宽度，但只有 Davy-Jow 等人的一项研究（2012 年）关注了鼻尖的形状。主要发现是鼻梁的形状与鼻尖的形状一致。该研究还推测，该方法不适用于鹰钩鼻（上翘的鼻子）。尽管有希望，但进一步对不同来源的更大样本进行研究将是有益的。此外，将样本分为上翘、水平和下弯鼻尖，可以揭示需要应用不同的方法。该方法已使用来自现代德国人群的更大样本量（N=103 对 N=25）重新创建。基于软组织模型，首先将个体分为三类；上翘、水平和下弯的鼻子。计算机断层扫描（CT）数据允许同时可视化颅骨和（半透明）面部表面。每个头部都在法兰克福水平平面（FHP）前进行正面观察，然后向后倾斜，直到鼻尖与鼻梁重叠，倾斜角度从 FHP 测量。结果表明，上翘、水平和下弯的鼻子的倾斜角度差异显著，但可以同样应用于这三个组。上翘的鼻子的平均角度为 44°，水平的为 51°，下弯的为 56°。误差研究表明，内类相关系数分别为 0.991（观察者间误差）和 0.972（观察者内误差），具有非常高的准确性和可重复性。
