School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China.
State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Dec 20;17(24):9553. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17249553.
Emissions from biomass burning are very serious in Southeast Asia and South Asia in April. In order to explore the effect of long-range transport of biomass emissions from the Indochina Peninsula in Southwest China during the period of the southeast monsoon season and to find out the main pollution sources in local atmospheric PM, a field campaign was conducted from 6-26 April 2011 in Lijiang, China. Twenty-four-hour PM and PM filter samples were collected, and inorganic ions, elements, and carbonaceous components (including organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitrated PAHs (NPAHs)) were measured. The monthly mean mass concentrations of particulate matter (PM) were 40.4 and 14.4 μg/m for PM and PM, respectively. The monthly mean concentrations of OC and EC in PM were 6.2 and 1.6 μg/m, respectively. The weekly mean concentrations of ∑PAHs and ∑NPAHs were 11.9 ng/m and 289 pg/m, respectively, in atmospheric PM of Lijiang. The diagnostic ratios of PAH and NPAH isomers were used to analyze the sources of PAHs and NPAHs in PM. The ratios of Benz(a)anthracene/(Chrysene+Benz(a)anthracen), Fluoranthene/(Fluoranthene+Pyrene) and Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene/(Benzo(g,h,i)perylene+Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene) were 0.45 ± 0.04, 0.61 ± 0.01, and 0.53 ± 0.03, respectively, indicating the contribution from coal combustion and biomass burning. The 1-nitropyrene/Pyrene (1-NP/Pyr) ratio was 0.004 ± 0.001, suggesting that the contribution to NPAHs mainly came from coal combustion. Sulfate was the most prominent inorganic ionic species, with monthly mean levels of 2.28 and 1.39 μg/m in PM and PM, respectively. The monthly mean mass ratios of NO/SO were 0.40 and 0.23 in PM and PM, respectively, indicating that the contribution of atmospheric anions from coal combustion sources was much more important than that from other sources. Based on the relatively high SO concentrations and low NO/SO ratios, combined with the data analysis of isomer ratios of PAHs and NPAHs, we can conclude that coal combustion, traffic, and dust were the major contributors to local atmospheric PM in Lijiang city, while biomass burning may also have contributed to local atmospheric PM in Lijiang city to some degree.
生物质燃烧排放物在东南亚和南亚的四月非常严重。为了探讨西南季风季节期间来自印度支那半岛的生物质排放的长距离传输对中国西南部大气 PM 的影响，并找出当地大气 PM 中主要的污染源，于 2011 年 4 月 6 日至 26 日在中国丽江进行了一次野外考察。采集了 24 小时 PM 和 PM 过滤器样品，并测量了无机离子、元素和含碳成分（包括有机碳 (OC) 和元素碳 (EC)、多环芳烃 (PAHs) 和硝化多环芳烃 (NPAHs))。PM 和 PM 的月平均颗粒物质量浓度分别为 40.4 和 14.4μg/m。PM 中 OC 和 EC 的月平均浓度分别为 6.2 和 1.6μg/m。丽江大气 PM 中∑PAHs 和∑NPAHs 的周平均浓度分别为 11.9ng/m 和 289pg/m。PAH 和 NPAH 异构体的诊断比用于分析 PM 中 PAHs 和 NPAHs 的来源。苯并(a)蒽/(屈+苯并(a)蒽)、荧蒽/(荧蒽+芘)和茚并(1,2,3-cd)芘/(苯并(g,h,i)二萘并吡喃+茚并(1,2,3-cd)芘)的比值分别为 0.45±0.04、0.61±0.01 和 0.53±0.03，表明来自煤燃烧和生物质燃烧的贡献。1-硝基芘/芘（1-NP/Pyr）比值为 0.004±0.001，表明 NPAHs 的主要贡献来自煤燃烧。硫酸盐是最显著的无机离子种类，在 PM 和 PM 中分别为 2.28 和 1.39μg/m。PM 和 PM 中 NO/SO 的月平均质量比分别为 0.40 和 0.23，表明来自煤燃烧源的大气阴离子的贡献比其他来源更为重要。基于相对较高的 SO 浓度和较低的 NO/SO 比值，结合 PAHs 和 NPAHs 异构体比值的数据分析，我们可以得出结论，煤燃烧、交通和扬尘是丽江市区大气 PM 的主要来源，而生物质燃烧可能在一定程度上也对丽江市区大气 PM 有贡献。
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