The dual functions of the long noncoding RNA CASC15 in malignancy.

Emerging evidence has demonstrated that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play vital roles in tumorigenesis and progression. LncRNAs can participate in various biological processes, such as cell growth, anti-apoptosis functions, migration, and invasion. Cancer susceptibility candidate 15 (CASC15) is a cancer-related lncRNA that has been reported to play opposite roles in the pathogenesis of different types of cancers. Studies have shown that CASC15 is downregulated in ovarian cancer and neuroblastoma, acting mainly as a tumour suppressor, while it is highly expressed and carcinogenic in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), lung cancer, tongue squamous cell carcinoma, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, cervical cancer, and breast cancer. Furthermore, aberrant CASC15 expression is associated with tumorigenesis, progression, and patient outcomes via regulation of target genes and signalling pathways. In this review, we summarize current data concerning the regulatory functions and underlying mechanisms of CASC15 in tumour development. We also highlight its potential clinical utility as a biomarker for early detection or as a therapeutic target in human cancers.