Hydrogen sulfide priming can enhance the tolerance of artichoke seedlings to individual and combined saline-alkaline and aniline stresses.

Regulatory roles of hydrogen sulfide (HS) under saline-alkaline and/or aniline stress have not been studied yet. In this study, we investigated the insights into saline-alkaline and/or aniline stresses-induced toxicity in artichoke plants and its alleviation by HS priming. Individual saline-alkaline or aniline stress and their combination reduced plant growth and photosynthetic pigments. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that these detrimental impacts were caused by the higher oxidative damage and disruption of osmolyte homeostasis. Interestingly, only aniline stress (25 mg L) caused neither oxidative nor osmotic stress thus almost slight growth retarding effects had ensued. On the other hand, the presence of aniline in saline-alkaline conditions exacerbated stress-induced deleterious effects on plants, as evidenced by PCA and heatmap. However, HS priming markedly eased the stress-induced deleteriousness as evident by enhanced chlorophyll, soluble proteins, soluble carbohydrates and up-regulated water relation in HS-primmed plants compared with only stressed plants resulting in improved plant phenotypic features. Furthermore, HS priming enhanced endogenous HS content, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, non-enzymatic antioxidants (ascorbic acid, flavonoids, glutathione, α-tocopherol, and anthocyanins) and enzymatic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase), whereas reduced oxidative stress markers (superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, malondialdehyde, and methylglyoxal) compared with only stressed plants, indicating a protective function of HS against oxidative damage. The PCA also clarified that HS-mediated saline-alkaline and/or aniline stress tolerance strongly connected with the improved antioxidant system. Overall, our finding proposed that HS priming could be an effective technique to mitigate saline-alkaline and/or aniline stress in artichoke, and perhaps in other crop plants.