Gender & Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa.
Office of the Executive Scientist, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa.
J Glob Health. 2020 Dec;10(2):020439. doi: 10.7189/jogh.10.020439.
Multiple masculinities have been explicated through latent class analysis (LCA) in South Africa, and a question arises as to whether men can be similarly grouped by their behaviour in very different cultural contexts, and whether an analysis would point to similar origins to men's use of violence against women. The UN Multi-country Study on Men and Violence in Asia and the Pacific's data set enabled this question to be explored.
In nine sites in six countries, data were collected from one man (18-49 years) interviewed in each of a random sample of households. Using LCA, we categorised men based on their probability of having engaged in 10 acts of violence against women or other illegal or sexually risky behaviour. We present multinomial logistic regression models of factors associated with class membership and associated childhood and trauma experiences.
The LCA model with 5 classes fitted best: the largest class (59.5% of men) had the lowest probabilities of engagement in the class-defining acts; men in the second (21.2%) were otherwise law abiding and not sexually risky, but very violent towards partners; men in the third (7.9%) had the highest probability of engagement in all violent and illegal behaviour; men in the fourth (7.8%) demonstrated behaviour at the nexus of sex and power including rape and transacted sex; and men in the fifth (3.6%), engaged in anti-social behaviour, but were less violent towards women and sexually risky. Assignment to more violent classes was associated with poverty, substance abuse and depression, and more gender inequitable attitudes and practices. Child abuse, neglect and bullying were associated with being in the more violent classes. Neither men's domestic practices nor their fathers' presence in their childhood were associated with class.
Closely paralleling the South African findings, we have highlighted the childhood origins of men's violent and anti-social behaviour, as well as the interrelationships with men's mental health, poverty and misogyny, showing that these (intersectional) developmental processes transcend culture and setting. We need to prevent children's exposure to violence, and in gender transformative work with men, recognise and address past and present psychological distress stemming from trauma experience.
在南非，通过潜在类别分析（LCA）已经详细阐述了多种男性气质，人们不禁要问，在非常不同的文化背景下，男性是否可以通过他们的行为类似地进行分组，以及分析是否会指向男性对女性使用暴力的类似起源。联合国多国家别研究男性与暴力侵害妇女行为和基于性别的暴力行为在亚洲及太平洋地区的数据为此提供了可能。
在六个国家的九个地点，从每个随机抽取的家庭中对一名 18-49 岁的男性进行了数据收集。我们使用潜在类别分析（LCA），根据男性参与十种暴力侵害妇女或其他非法或性冒险行为的概率对他们进行分类。我们提出了与类别成员资格相关的因素的多项逻辑回归模型，以及相关的童年和创伤经历。
具有 5 个类别的 LCA 模型拟合得最好：最大的类别（59.5%的男性）参与定义类别的行为的可能性最低；第二类（21.2%）的男性在其他方面遵守法律，没有性冒险行为，但对伴侣非常暴力；第三类（7.9%）的男性最有可能参与所有暴力和非法行为；第四类（7.8%）的男性表现出性和权力交汇的行为，包括强奸和交易性性行为；第五类（3.6%）的男性从事反社会行为，但对妇女的暴力行为和性冒险行为较少。被分配到更暴力的类别与贫困、药物滥用和抑郁以及更不平等的性别态度和做法有关。虐待、忽视和欺凌与更暴力的类别有关。男性的家庭做法或他们父亲在童年时的存在都与类别无关。
与南非的研究结果非常相似，我们强调了男性暴力和反社会行为的童年起源，以及与男性心理健康、贫困和厌女症的相互关系，表明这些（交叉）发展过程超越了文化和背景。我们需要防止儿童遭受暴力，在与男性的性别赋权工作中，认识和解决源于创伤经历的过去和现在的心理困扰。
