Feleke Mesalie, Bennett Samuel, Chen Jiazhi, Hu Xiaoyong, Williams Desmond, Xu Jiake
Division of Regenerative Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia.
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Surfactant, Guangdong Research Institute of Petrochemical and Fine Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510665, China.
J Orthop Translat. 2020 Dec 24;27:57-66. doi: 10.1016/j.jot.2020.10.012. eCollection 2021 Mar.
Generally, mammals are unable to regenerate complex tissues and organs however the deer antler provides a rare anomaly to this rule. This osseous cranial appendage which is located on the frontal bone of male deer is capable of stem cell-based organogenesis, annual casting, and cyclic de novo regeneration. A series of recent studies have classified this form of regeneration as epimorphic stem cell based. Antler renewal is initiated by the activation of neural crest derived pedicle periosteal cells (PPCs) found residing within the pedicle periosteum (PP), these PPCs have the potential to differentiate into multiple lineages. Other antler stem cells (ASCs) are the reserve mesenchymal cells (RMCs) located in the antlers tip, which develop into cartilage tissue. Antlerogenic periosteal cells (APCs) found within the antlerogenic periosteum (AP) form the tissues of both the pedicle and first set of antlers. Antler stem cells (ASCs) further appear to progress through various stages of activation, this coordinated transition is considered imperative for stem cell-based mammalian regeneration. The latest developments have shown that the rapid elongation of the main beam and antler branches are a controlled form of tumour growth, regulated by the tumour suppressing genes TP73 and ADAMTS18. Both osteoclastogenesis, as well as osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation are also involved. While there remains much to uncover this review both summarises and comprehensively evaluates our existing knowledge of tissue regeneration in the deer antler. This will assist in achieving the goal of in vitro organ regeneration in humans by furthering the field of modern regenerative medicine.
As a unique stem cell-based organ regeneration process in mammals, the deer antler represents a prime model system for investigating mechanisms of regeneration in mammalian tissues. Novel ASCs could provide cell-based therapies for regenerative medicine and bone remodelling for clinical application. A greater understanding of this process and a more in-depth defining of ASCs will potentiate improved clinical outcomes.
一般来说，哺乳动物无法再生复杂的组织和器官，但鹿角却是这一规律的罕见例外。这种位于雄性鹿额骨上的骨性颅部附属物能够进行基于干细胞的器官发生、每年脱落并循环从头再生。最近的一系列研究已将这种再生形式归类为基于表观形态干细胞的再生。鹿角更新由位于鹿角柄骨膜（PP）内的神经嵴衍生的鹿角柄骨膜细胞（PPCs）激活启动，这些PPCs有分化为多种谱系的潜力。其他鹿角干细胞（ASCs）是位于鹿角尖端的储备间充质细胞（RMCs），它们发育成软骨组织。在生角骨膜（AP）内发现的生角骨膜细胞（APCs）形成鹿角柄和第一组鹿角的组织。鹿角干细胞（ASCs）似乎还会经历不同的激活阶段，这种协调的转变被认为是基于干细胞的哺乳动物再生所必需的。最新进展表明，主枝和鹿角分支的快速生长是一种受肿瘤抑制基因TP73和ADAMTS18调控的肿瘤生长控制形式。破骨细胞生成以及成骨和成软骨分化也都参与其中。虽然仍有许多有待揭示的内容，但本综述总结并全面评估了我们目前对鹿角组织再生的认识。这将有助于通过推动现代再生医学领域的发展来实现人类体外器官再生的目标。
作为哺乳动物中独特的基于干细胞的器官再生过程，鹿角是研究哺乳动物组织再生机制的主要模型系统。新型鹿角干细胞可为再生医学提供基于细胞的疗法，并为临床应用进行骨重塑。对这一过程有更深入的了解以及对鹿角干细胞有更深入的定义将有助于改善临床结果。
