Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 106 Lodowa Str., 93-232 Lodz, Poland.
Cells. 2021 Jan 11;10(1):130. doi: 10.3390/cells10010130.
Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a type of death, which has the hallmarks of necroptosis and apoptosis, and is best characterized in malignant diseases. Chemotherapeutics, radiotherapy and photodynamic therapy induce intracellular stress response pathways in tumor cells, leading to a secretion of various factors belonging to a family of damage-associated molecular patterns molecules, capable of inducing the adaptive immune response. One of them is calreticulin (CRT), an endoplasmic reticulum-associated chaperone. Its presence on the surface of dying tumor cells serves as an "eat me" signal for antigen presenting cells (APC). Engulfment of tumor cells by APCs results in the presentation of tumor's antigens to cytotoxic T-cells and production of cytokines/chemokines, which activate immune cells responsible for tumor cells killing. Thus, the development of ICD and the expression of CRT can help standard therapy to eradicate tumor cells. Here, we review the physiological functions of CRT and its involvement in the ICD appearance in malignant disease. Moreover, we also focus on the ability of various anti-cancer drugs to induce expression of surface CRT on ovarian cancer cells. The second aim of this work is to discuss and summarize the prognostic/predictive value of CRT in ovarian cancer patients.
免疫原性细胞死亡 (ICD) 是一种死亡方式，具有坏死性凋亡和凋亡的特征，在恶性疾病中表现最为明显。化疗、放疗和光动力疗法会在肿瘤细胞中引发细胞内应激反应途径，导致各种损伤相关分子模式分子家族的因子分泌，从而诱导适应性免疫反应。其中一种是钙网织蛋白 (CRT)，一种内质网相关伴侣。它存在于死亡的肿瘤细胞表面，充当抗原呈递细胞 (APC) 的“吃我”信号。APC 吞噬肿瘤细胞会导致肿瘤抗原呈递给细胞毒性 T 细胞，并产生细胞因子/趋化因子，激活负责杀伤肿瘤细胞的免疫细胞。因此，ICD 的发展和 CRT 的表达有助于标准治疗根除肿瘤细胞。在这里，我们回顾 CRT 的生理功能及其在恶性疾病中 ICD 出现的作用。此外，我们还重点讨论了各种抗癌药物诱导卵巢癌细胞表面 CRT 表达的能力。这项工作的第二个目的是讨论和总结 CRT 在卵巢癌患者中的预后/预测价值。
