Trapp Bárbara, de Andrade Lourenção Freddi Tomás, de Oliveira Morais Hans Monique, Fonseca Teixeira Lemos Calixto Isadora, Fujino Emi, Alves Rojas Laila Cristina, Burlin Stênio, Cerqueira Costa Danilo Manuel, Carrete Junior Henrique, Abdala Nitamar, Tobaru Tibana Luís Antônio, Takehara Eduardo Takashi, Dalul Gomez Gustavo
From the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Division of Neuroradiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Napoleão de Barros 800, São Paulo SP 04024-002, Brazil (B.T., M.d.O.M.H., I.F.T.L.C., E.F., L.C.A.R., S.B., D.M.C.C., H.C.J., N.A., L.A.T.T., E.T.T., G.D.G.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Division of Neuroradiology, Hospital do Coração (HCor), São Paulo, Brazil (T.d.A.L.F.); and Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Division of Neuroradiology, Fundação Instituto de Pesquisa e Estudo de Diagnóstico por Imagem (FIDI), São Paulo, Brazil (B.T., M.d.O.M.H., I.F.T.L.C., L.C.A.R., S.B., L.A.T.T.).
Radiographics. 2021 Mar-Apr;41(2):559-575. doi: 10.1148/rg.2021200103. Epub 2021 Jan 15.
Spinal dysraphisms (SDs) are congenital malformations of the spinal cord, determined by derangement in the complex cascade of embryologic events involved in spinal development. They represent a heterogeneous group ranging from mild clinical manifestations-going unnoticed or being discovered at clinical examination-to a causal factor of life quality impairment, especially when associated with musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, or respiratory system malformations. Knowledge of the normal embryologic development of the spinal cord-which encompasses three main steps (gastrulation, primary neurulation, and secondary neurulation)-is crucial for understanding the pathogenesis, neuroradiologic scenarios, and clinical-radiologic classification of congenital malformations of the spinal cord. SDs can be divided with clinical examination or neuroradiologic study into two major groups: open SDs and closed SDs. Congenital malformations of the spinal cord include a wide range of abnormalities that vary considerably in imaging and clinical characteristics and complexity and therefore may represent a diagnostic challenge, even for the experienced radiologist. RSNA, 2021.
脊髓发育异常（SDs）是脊髓的先天性畸形，由参与脊髓发育的复杂胚胎学事件级联紊乱所决定。它们代表了一个异质性群体，临床表现从轻微到不易察觉或在临床检查时被发现，再到影响生活质量的致病因素，尤其是当与肌肉骨骼、胃肠道、泌尿生殖系统或呼吸系统畸形相关时。了解脊髓正常的胚胎发育过程（包括三个主要阶段：原肠胚形成、初级神经胚形成和次级神经胚形成）对于理解脊髓先天性畸形的发病机制、神经放射学表现及临床-放射学分类至关重要。SDs可通过临床检查或神经放射学研究分为两大组：开放性SDs和闭合性SDs。脊髓先天性畸形包括一系列异常情况，其影像学和临床特征及复杂性差异很大，因此即使对于经验丰富的放射科医生来说，也可能构成诊断挑战。RSNA，2021年。
