Role of neonatal androgens in sexual differentiation of brain structure, scent marking, and gonadotropin secretion in gerbils.

Gerbils display a sexually dimorphic scent marking behavior that responds to testosterone (T) in adulthood and develops under the influence of testosterone perinatally. A complex of cell groups between the preoptic area and anterior hypothalamus of the gerbil brain is also sexually dimorphic and responsive to testosterone. One of these cell groups, the sexually dimorphic area pars compacta (SDApc), usually exists only in males. Even when given testosterone, adult female gerbils rarely have an SDApc. To determine if the SDApc develops under the influence of testosterone, male gerbils were castrated or given sham operations on the day they were born or 1 day later, or were not manipulated. Female gerbils were injected subcutaneously with 0, 50, or 100 micrograms testosterone propionate (TP) on the day after birth. When given ovarian transplants as adults, neonatally castrated males scent marked at low levels typical of females. Neonatally androgenized females given testosterone as adults scent marked at high levels typical of males. Neonatal castration did not affect the probability that the SDApc would develop, but neonatal androgenization did. Half the females given either dose of TP as neonates had SDApcs bilaterally. The sizes of the SDApcs present in females depended on the dose of testosterone given neonatally. The larger dose produced larger SDApcs. The 100-micrograms dose of TP also defeminized gonadotropin secretion, but the 50-micrograms dose did not. The castration of males neonatally prevented the defeminization normally caused by endogenous testosterone. Both groups of neonatally castrated males formed corpora lutea in their ovarian transplants, but control males did not.