Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St, Hal 407, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
Liver Transplant Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Intern Emerg Med. 2021 Jun;16(4):815-830. doi: 10.1007/s11739-020-02616-5. Epub 2021 Jan 16.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging infectious disease which has had a rapid surge in cases and deaths since it is first documented in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. COVID-19 is caused by the Betacoronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 uses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, which is highly expressed in the human lower respiratory tract but also in other tissues, as the cellular entry receptor. Thus, COVID-19 mainly affects the respiratory system but can cause damage to other body systems, including the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, hepatobiliary, renal, and central nervous systems. We review the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of the infection, focusing on our current understanding of the disease mechanisms and their translation to clinical outcomes, as well as adverse effects on different body systems. We also discuss the epidemiology pathogenesis, clinical, and multi-organ consequences, and highlight some of the research gaps regarding COVID-19.
新型冠状病毒病（COVID-19）是一种新发传染病，自 2019 年 12 月在中国武汉首次被记录以来，其病例和死亡人数迅速增加。COVID-19 是由贝塔属冠状病毒严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒 2（SARS-CoV-2）引起的。SARS-CoV-2 使用血管紧张素转换酶 2（在人类下呼吸道高度表达，但也在其他组织中表达）作为细胞进入受体。因此，COVID-19 主要影响呼吸系统，但也可能对包括心血管、胃肠道、肝胆、肾脏和中枢神经系统在内的其他身体系统造成损害。我们回顾了感染的发病机制和临床表现，重点介绍了我们对疾病机制及其向临床结果的转化以及对不同身体系统的不良影响的理解。我们还讨论了 COVID-19 的流行病学发病机制、临床和多器官后果，并强调了 COVID-19 研究中的一些空白。
