São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, 13566-590, São Carlos, Brazil.
São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, 13566-590, São Carlos, Brazil.
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2021 Jun;34:102091. doi: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102091. Epub 2021 Jan 13.
Cancer remains a main public health issue and the second cause of mortality worldwide. Photodynamic therapy is a clinically approved therapeutic option. Effective photodynamic therapy induces cancer damage and death through a multifactorial manner including reactive oxygen species-mediated damage and killing, vasculature damage, and immune defense activation. Anticancer efficiency depends on the improvement of photosensitizers drugs used in photodynamic therapy, their selectivity, enhanced photoproduction of reactive species, absorption at near-infrared spectrum, and drug-delivery strategies. Both experimental and clinical studies using first- and second-generation photosensitizers had pointed out the need for developing improved photosensitizers for photodynamic applications and achieving better therapeutic outcomes. Bioconjugation and encapsulation with targeting moieties appear as a main strategies for the development of photosensitizers from their precursors. Factors influencing cellular biodistribution and uptake are briefly discussed, as well as their roles as cancer diagnostic and therapeutic (theranostics) agents. The two-photon photodynamic approach using third-generation photosensitizers is present as an attempt in treating deeper tumors. Although significant advances had been made over the last decade, the development of next-generation photosensitizers is still mainly in the developmental stage.
癌症仍然是一个主要的公共卫生问题，也是全球死亡的第二大原因。光动力疗法是一种临床认可的治疗选择。有效的光动力疗法通过多种因素诱导癌症损伤和死亡，包括活性氧介导的损伤和杀伤、血管损伤和免疫防御激活。抗癌效率取决于光动力疗法中使用的光敏剂药物的改进、其选择性、增强活性物质的光生产、近红外光谱吸收和药物输送策略。使用第一代和第二代光敏剂的实验和临床研究都指出，需要开发用于光动力应用的改良光敏剂，以获得更好的治疗效果。生物共轭和靶向基团的封装似乎是从其前体开发光敏剂的主要策略。简要讨论了影响细胞生物分布和摄取的因素，以及它们作为癌症诊断和治疗（治疗学）剂的作用。使用第三代光敏剂的双光子光动力方法是治疗深部肿瘤的一种尝试。尽管在过去十年中取得了重大进展，但下一代光敏剂的开发仍主要处于发展阶段。
