Pettorruso Mauro, Testa Giulia, Granero Roser, Martinotti Giovanni, d'Andrea Giacomo, di Giannantonio Massimo, Fernández-Aranda Fernando, Mena-Moreno Teresa, Gómez-Peña Mónica, Moragas Laura, Baenas Isabel, Del Pino-Gutierrez Amparo, Codina Ester, Valenciano-Mendoza Eduardo, Mora-Maltas Bernat, Zoratto Francesca, Valero-Solís Susana, Guillen-Guzmán Elías, Menchón José M, Jiménez-Murcia Susana
Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy.
Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Psychiatry and Mental Health Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Madrid, Spain.
Addict Behav. 2021 May;116:106813. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106813. Epub 2020 Dec 31.
Gambling Disorder (GD) is considered a heterogeneous, multidimensional pathology with high personal and social consequences. The transition time (TT) between problematic gaming and pathological gambling, which varies significantly across patients, may predict the disorder's severity. As only limited studies have investigated the factors implicated in the TT, the current study set out to identify its predictors and their relationships with GD severity.
Correlation were performed in 725 male GD patients to identify factors associated to TT and GD severity, including: age of onset of gambling behaviors, alcohol/drug use, personality traits and gambling preferences (i.e., strategic, non-strategic, and mixed). Then a regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of TT to GD.
Longer TT correlated with higher GD severity, early age of onset of problematic gambling, substance use and a non-strategic gambling preference. Personality traits including low self-directedness, high novelty seeking, and low cooperativeness were also related with longer TT. The strongest associations with GD severity were substance use, and some of the personality traits (i.e., low self-directedness and cooperativeness, high harm avoidance and self-transcendence). Factors significantly predicting longer transition to GD were older ages, low self-directedness, and non-strategic gambling.
A clinical profile characterized by a longer TT and more severe GD symptoms pertains to older patients with low self-directedness, and preference for non-strategic gambling. Other relevant factors associated with this profile of patients included early age of onset problematic gambling, substance consumption, high novelty seeking and low cooperativeness.
赌博障碍（GD）被认为是一种具有高度个人和社会后果的异质性、多维度病理状态。问题性游戏与病理性赌博之间的过渡时间（TT）在患者之间差异显著，可能预示着该障碍的严重程度。由于仅有有限的研究调查了与过渡时间相关的因素，本研究旨在确定其预测因素及其与GD严重程度的关系。
对725名男性GD患者进行相关性分析，以确定与过渡时间和GD严重程度相关的因素，包括：赌博行为的起始年龄、酒精/药物使用、人格特质和赌博偏好（即策略性、非策略性和混合性）。然后进行回归分析以确定过渡到GD的预测因素。
较长的过渡时间与较高的GD严重程度、问题性赌博的早发年龄、物质使用和非策略性赌博偏好相关。包括低自我导向性、高新奇寻求和低合作性在内的人格特质也与较长的过渡时间有关。与GD严重程度关联最强的是物质使用以及一些人格特质（即低自我导向性和合作性、高伤害回避和自我超越）。显著预测较长时间过渡到GD的因素是年龄较大、低自我导向性和非策略性赌博。
以较长过渡时间和更严重GD症状为特征的临床概况与自我导向性低且偏好非策略性赌博的老年患者有关。与这类患者概况相关的其他因素包括问题性赌博的早发年龄、物质消费、高新奇寻求和低合作性。
