Discipline vs guidance: comparison of visual engagement approaches in immersive virtual environments.

Immersive virtual environments (IVEs) have been extensively investigated for applications in education and man-power training because of the benefits of immersion-driven experiences as immersion becomes a factor that can both accelerate and hamper learning depending on the user's area of focus, which supports the importance of engagement. In this paper, two fundamental approaches to visual engagement in IVE are compared: discipline and guidance. The approaches aim to foster the learner's engagement to predefined area to be focused by either subtracting visual stimuli (discipline) or appending visual indicators pointing to the area (guidance). The experimental results showed no significant improvement in memory recall accuracy and time. However, the guidance group showed superior performances in usability metrics. Interestingly, a significant difference was found in the objective measure of the participants' gaze pattern revealing that the discipline makes the user's gaze consistent and stable.