International Doctoral Innovation Centre, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, Zhejiang, PR China.
Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, Zhejiang, PR China.
Environ Geochem Health. 2021 Aug;43(8):2945-2963. doi: 10.1007/s10653-020-00757-2. Epub 2021 Jan 18.
To characterize trace elements from inhalable particles and to estimate human health risks, airborne particles at an urban area of Ningbo city during haze and non-haze periods from November 2013 to May 2014 were collected by a nine-stage sampler. Seventeen trace elements (Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Pb) were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The concentrations of trace elements are in the ranges of 0.51 ng m (Co) ~ 1.53 µg m (K) for fine particles (Dp < 2.1 μm), and 1.07 ng m (Co) ~ 4.96 µg m (K) for coarse particles (2.1 μm < Dp < 9.0 μm) during the haze days, which are 1.15 -4.30 and 1.23- 7.83-fold as those of non-haze days, respectively. These elements could be divided into crustal elements (Na, Mg, Al, Ca, Ti, Fe and Co), non-crustal elements (Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) and mixed elements (K, V, Cr, Mn, Ni and As) according to their enrichment factor values (EFs) and size distribution characteristics. Five emission sources of trace elements were identified by positive matrix factorization (PMF) modeling. The main sources of trace elements in fine particles are traffic emission (21.7%), coal combustion (23.6%) and biomass burning (32.1%); however, soil dust (61.5%), traffic emission (21.9%) and industry emissions (11.8%) are the main contributors for coarse particles. With the help of the multiple-path particle dosimetry (MPPD) model, it was found that deposition fractions of seventeen measured elements in the pulmonary region were in the range of 12.4%-15.1% and 6.66% -12.3% for the fine and coarse particles, respectively. The human health risk assessment (HRA) was employed according to the deposition concentration in the pulmonary region. The non-carcinogenic risk (HI) was below the safety limit (1.00). Nonetheless, the excess lifetime carcinogenic risk (ELCR) for adults increased by 2.42-fold during the haze days (2.06 × 10) as compared to that of non-haze days (8.50 × 10) in fine particles. Cr (VI) and As together contributed 96.5% and 96.3% of the integrated cancer risks during the haze and non-haze periods, respectively. Moreover, the related ELCR values in coarse particles were 36.7% and 62.8% of those in the fine particles for the non-haze period and haze period, respectively.
为了研究可吸入颗粒物中的微量元素特征并评估人体健康风险，本研究于 2013 年 11 月至 2014 年 5 月在宁波市的城区利用九级采样器采集了雾霾天和非雾霾天的大气气溶胶样品。采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）对采集的大气颗粒物样品中的 17 种微量元素（Na、Mg、Al、K、Ca、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd 和 Pb）进行了分析。结果表明，细颗粒物（Dp < 2.1μm）中各微量元素的浓度范围为 0.51ng/m（Co）1.53μg/m（K），粗颗粒物（2.1μm < Dp < 9.0μm）中各微量元素的浓度范围为 1.07ng/m（Co）4.96μg/m（K）。与非雾霾天相比，雾霾天细颗粒物中各元素的浓度分别升高了 1.154.30 倍和 1.237.83 倍。根据富集因子（EF）和粒径分布特征，这些元素可分为地壳元素（Na、Mg、Al、Ca、Ti、Fe 和 Co）、非地壳元素（Cu、Zn、Cd 和 Pb）和混合元素（K、V、Cr、Mn、Ni 和 As）。通过正定矩阵因子（PMF）模型解析出了 5 种微量元素的污染源。细颗粒物中各元素的主要污染源为交通排放（21.7%）、煤炭燃烧（23.6%）和生物质燃烧（32.1%）；而粗颗粒物中主要污染源为土壤尘（61.5%）、交通排放（21.9%）和工业排放（11.8%）。利用多路径颗粒物剂量模型（MPPD）计算出，17 种元素在肺部的沉积分数分别为细颗粒物的 12.4%15.1%和粗颗粒物的 6.66%12.3%。根据肺部沉积浓度进行了人体健康风险评估（HRA）。非致癌风险（HI）低于安全限值（1.00）。然而，与非雾霾天相比，雾霾天成年人的超额终生致癌风险（ELCR）在细颗粒物中增加了 2.42 倍（2.06×10），达到 8.50×10。在雾霾天和非雾霾天期间，Cr（VI）和 As 分别占总致癌风险的 96.5%和 96.3%。此外，非雾霾天和雾霾天粗颗粒物中 ELCR 分别为细颗粒物中 ELCR 的 36.7%和 62.8%。
