School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Institute for Environment and Development (Lestari), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
Sci Total Environ. 2017 Dec 1;601-602:556-570. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.153. Epub 2017 May 31.
This study aims to determine PM concentrations and their composition during haze and non-haze episodes in Kuala Lumpur. In order to investigate the origin of the measured air masses, the Numerical Atmospheric-dispersion Modelling Environment (NAME) and Global Fire Assimilation System (GFAS) were applied. Source apportionment of PM was determined using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF). The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks were estimated using the United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) method. PM samples were collected from the centre of the city using a high-volume air sampler (HVS). The results showed that the mean PM concentrations collected during pre-haze, haze and post-haze periods were 24.5±12.0μgm, 72.3±38.0μgm and 14.3±3.58μgm, respectively. The highest concentration of PM during haze episode was five times higher than World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines. Inorganic compositions of PM, including trace elements and water soluble ions were determined using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and ion chromatography (IC), respectively. The major trace elements identified were K, Al, Ca, Mg and Fe which accounted for approximately 93%, 91% and 92% of the overall metals' portions recorded during pre-haze, haze and post-haze periods, respectively. For water-soluble ions, secondary inorganic aerosols (SO, NO and NH) contributed around 12%, 43% and 16% of the overall PM mass during pre-haze, haze and post-haze periods, respectively. During haze periods, the predominant source identified using PMF was secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA) and biomass burning where the NAME simulations indicate the importance of fires in Sumatra, Indonesia. The main source during pre-haze and post-haze were mix SIA and road dust as well as mineral dust, respectively. The highest non-carcinogenic health risk during haze episode was estimated among the infant group (HI=1.06) while the highest carcinogenic health risk was estimated among the adult group (2.27×10).
本研究旨在确定吉隆坡雾霾和非雾霾期间的 PM 浓度及其成分。为了调查所测空气团的来源，应用了数值大气扩散模型环境（NAME）和全球火灾同化系统（GFAS）。使用正定矩阵因子化（PMF）确定 PM 的源分配。使用美国环境保护署（USEPA）方法估计致癌和非致癌健康风险。使用大容量空气采样器（HVS）从市中心采集 PM 样品。结果表明，雾霾前、雾霾中和雾霾后三个时期采集的 PM 平均浓度分别为 24.5±12.0μg/m3、72.3±38.0μg/m3和 14.3±3.58μg/m3。雾霾期间的 PM 浓度最高，是世界卫生组织（WHO）指南的五倍。使用电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）和离子色谱法（IC）分别测定 PM 的无机成分，包括微量元素和水溶性离子。确定的主要微量元素有 K、Al、Ca、Mg 和 Fe，分别占雾霾前、雾霾中和雾霾后三个时期记录的金属部分的约 93%、91%和 92%。对于水溶性离子，二次无机气溶胶（SO、NO 和 NH）在雾霾前、雾霾中和雾霾后三个时期分别占 PM 质量的约 12%、43%和 16%。在雾霾期间，使用 PMF 确定的主要来源是二次无机气溶胶（SIA）和生物质燃烧，NAME 模拟表明苏门答腊岛印度尼西亚的火灾很重要。雾霾前和雾霾后的主要来源分别是混合 SIA 和道路灰尘以及矿物质灰尘。雾霾期间估计的非致癌健康风险最高的是婴儿组（HI=1.06），而致癌健康风险最高的是成年组（2.27×10）。
