A Review of DUSP26: Structure, Regulation and Relevance in Human Disease.

Dual specificity phosphatases (DUSPs) play a crucial role in the regulation of intracellular signalling pathways, which in turn influence a broad range of physiological processes. DUSP malfunction is increasingly observed in a broad range of human diseases due to deregulation of key pathways, most notably the MAP kinase (MAPK) cascades. Dual specificity phosphatase 26 (DUSP26) is an atypical DUSP with a range of physiological substrates including the MAPKs. The residues that govern DUSP26 substrate specificity are yet to be determined; however, recent evidence suggests that interactions with a binding partner may be required for DUSP26 catalytic activity. DUSP26 is heavily implicated in cancer where, akin to other DUSPs, it displays both tumour-suppressive and -promoting properties, depending on the context. Here we review DUSP26 by evaluating its transcriptional patterns, protein crystallographic structure and substrate binding, as well as its physiological role(s) and binding partners, its role in human disease and the development of DUSP26 inhibitors.