Effects of different goal orientations and virtual opponents performance level on pacing strategy and performance in cycling time trials.

We investigated the effects of different performance goals (best time beat the opponent) on pacing behaviour during a 10-km cycling race and explored the influence of different performance level of opponents on ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), affective feelings and self-efficacy. Thirteen cyclists performed two time-trials (TT) and two races against a faster (FAST +6%) or a slower (SLOW -3%) virtual opponent. Power output (PO), RPE, affective feelings and self-efficacy were recorded at each kilometre point. Race average and race phases [starting (P1 = first kilometre); first half (P2 = 2nd-5th kilometre); second half (P3 = 6th-9th kilometre) and final sprint (FS = last kilometre)] were analysed. There was no difference in performance, assessed by race time between conditions ( = .84). PO during TT was lower in P3 compared to FS ( = .03; ES 0.6; 90%CI 0.4-0.7). In SLOW and FAST, PO was higher in P1 compared to other phases ( < .05). PO in FS was higher in TT compared to FAST ( = .01; ES -0.97; 90%IC -1.4 to -0.5). RPE increased and affective feelings decreased during all conditions. Self-efficacy was stable through TT and SLOW, but decreased during FAST with higher values in P1 compared to P2 ( = .01; ES -1.1; 90%IC -1.6 to -0.6), P3 ( < .001; ES -2.2; 90%IC -2.8 to -1.6) and FS ( < .001; ES -2.6; 90%IC -3.3 to -1.8). Pacing behaviour, specifically starting and final sprint, was affected by virtual opponents independent of performance level, demonstrating the importance of goal orientation.Adjustments in exercise intensity result from a complex decision-making process involving physiological, psychological, environmental and tactical information.Goal pursuit is an important determinant of pacing behaviour since athletes must balance their efforts with expectations of success.A competitive environment may be included to motivate participants to maintain their effort and at the same time to improve their self-confidence.The presence of a final sprint seems to be related to the goal orientation and perceived outcomes of success or failure.