Department of Sport Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumberland Building, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK.
Department of Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 196, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Dec 2;19(23):16131. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192316131.
As proposed by Triplett in 1898 and evidenced by a recent series of lab and field studies, racing against other competitors consistently results in increased performance compared to when racing alone. To explain this phenomenon, we will explore the process of self-regulation, a process relevant to pacing, which is linked to athletes' emotions and facilitates their sports performance optimization. We will apply the cyclical model of Self-regulation of Learning to pacing and sports performance settings and explore the role of the social environment (in particular, opponents but also coaches) in each phase of the self-regulatory model. It seems that the social environment could be considered as a significant self-regulatory and sports performance facilitator. More specifically, athletes can focus on their social environment (opponents) when they have to set goals and select appropriate strategies to achieve them (forethought phase), monitor and manage their actions and their emotions (performance phase), and make self-judgements and choose self-reactions (self-reflection). Moreover, the social environment (coaches) can observe, step in, and facilitate these intricate processes. These findings could guide athletes and their coaches towards more effective pacing acquisition and development, and better sports performance, which could be of particular relevance for youth athletes or athletes with disabilities impacting on their self-regulatory skills.
正如特里普利特（Triplett）在 1898 年提出的观点，并得到最近一系列实验室和实地研究的证实，与其他竞争对手竞争会比独自比赛时提高表现。为了解释这一现象，我们将探讨自我调节过程，这一过程与配速相关，与运动员的情绪有关，并有助于优化他们的运动表现。我们将应用学习的自我调节循环模型来探讨配速和运动表现的设置，并探讨社会环境（特别是对手，但也包括教练）在自我调节模型的每个阶段中的作用。似乎社会环境可以被视为一个重要的自我调节和运动表现促进因素。更具体地说，当运动员必须设定目标并选择实现目标的适当策略时（预见阶段），他们可以专注于自己的社会环境（对手），监控和管理自己的行动和情绪（表现阶段），并进行自我判断和选择自我反应（自我反思）。此外，社会环境（教练）可以观察、介入并促进这些复杂的过程。这些发现可以指导运动员及其教练更好地掌握和发展配速，提高运动表现，这对于青年运动员或残疾运动员来说尤其重要，因为这会影响他们的自我调节技能。
