Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Performance Department, Swim Ireland, Sport HQ, Dublin, Ireland; Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
Phys Ther Sport. 2021 Mar;48:154-168. doi: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.01.002. Epub 2021 Jan 9.
Research suggests that the frequency of training, combined with the repetitive motion involved in high volume swimming can predispose swimmers to symptoms of over-training. The prevention of pain, injury and illness is of paramount importance in competitive swimming in order to maximise a swimmer's ability to train and perform consistently. A significant factor in the prevention of pain, injury or illness is the appropriate load monitoring and management practices within a training programme.
The purpose of this systematic review is to investigate the relationship between training load and pain, injury and illness in competitive swimmers.
The databases SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, Scopus, MEDLINE and Embase were searched in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Studies were included if they reported on competitive swimmers and analysed the link between training load and either pain, injury or illness. The methodological quality and study bias were assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist.
The search retrieved 1,959 articles, 15 of which were included for review. The critical appraisal process indicated study quality was poor overall. Pain was the most explored condition (N = 12), with injury (N = 2) and illness (N = 1) making up the remaining articles. There was no evidence of an association between training load and pain, while there may be some evidence to suggest a relationship between training load and injury or illness.
The relationship between training load and pain, injury or illness is unclear owing to a host of methodological constraints. The review highlighted that youth, masters and competitive swimmers of a lower ability (e.g. club versus international) may need particular consideration when planning training loads. Winter periods, higher intensity sessions and speed elements may also need to be programmed with care. Monitoring practices need to be developed in conjunction with consensus guidelines, with the inclusion of internal training loads being a priority. Future research should focus on longitudinal prospective studies, utilising the session Rating of Perceived Exertion (sRPE) monitoring method and investigating the applicability of Acute/Chronic Workload Ratio (ACWR) and exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA). Improved methods and study design will provide further clarity on the relationship between load and pain, injury, and illness.
研究表明，训练频率加上大量游泳所涉及的重复动作可能使游泳运动员容易出现过度训练的症状。在竞技游泳中，预防疼痛、损伤和疾病至关重要，这是最大限度地提高游泳运动员训练和持续表现能力的关键。在训练计划中，适当的负荷监测和管理实践是预防疼痛、损伤或疾病的一个重要因素。
本系统综述的目的是研究竞技游泳运动员的训练负荷与疼痛、损伤和疾病之间的关系。
根据 PRISMA 指南，对 SPORTDiscus、CINAHL、Scopus、MEDLINE 和 Embase 数据库进行了搜索。如果研究报告了竞技游泳运动员，并分析了训练负荷与疼痛、损伤或疾病之间的联系，则纳入研究。使用 Joanna Briggs 研究所的批判性评估清单评估方法学质量和研究偏倚。
检索到 1959 篇文章，其中 15 篇被纳入综述。批判性评估过程表明，总体而言，研究质量较差。疼痛是研究最多的病症（N=12），损伤（N=2）和疾病（N=1）构成了其余的文章。没有证据表明训练负荷与疼痛之间存在关联，而可能有一些证据表明训练负荷与损伤或疾病之间存在关联。
由于存在许多方法学限制，训练负荷与疼痛、损伤或疾病之间的关系尚不清楚。该综述强调，在规划训练负荷时，可能需要特别考虑青年、大师和能力较低的竞技游泳运动员（例如俱乐部与国际）。冬季期间、高强度训练和速度训练也需要谨慎安排。监测实践需要与共识指南一起制定，优先考虑纳入内部训练负荷。未来的研究应集中在纵向前瞻性研究上，利用训练时的主观感觉评估（RPE）监测方法，并研究急性/慢性工作量比（ACWR）和指数加权移动平均（EWMA）的适用性。改进方法和研究设计将进一步明确负荷与疼痛、损伤和疾病之间的关系。
