Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021 Jun;28(21):26500-26514. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-12513-9. Epub 2021 Jan 23.
Food nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) footprints are indicators for determining the losses of N and P over food production (FP) and food consumption (FC) chain. Yemen is an interesting case because, given the country's heavy dependence on food imports, food insecurity, and poverty, the N footprint (NF) and P footprint (PF) could affect its future development. However, NF and PF over time have not yet been studied in Yemen. Therefore, this is the first paper to compute the NF and PF in Arabian Peninsula (a case study from Yemen) by an adjusted model of N-Calculator, by computing virtual N (VNFs) and virtual P (VPFs) factors for main foodstuffs. The NF (kg N cap year) and PF (kg P cap year) elevated from 5.56 and 1.20 in the 1960s to 15.2 and 4.79 during 2011-2017, respectively, while the national NF (Gg [10 g] N year) and national PF (Gg P year) increased from 27.7 and 6.77 in the 1960s to 358 and 122 during 2011-2017, respectively. Cereal was the largest contributor to the NF and PF in Yemen over the past 57 years. FP contributes approximately 80% and 86% of the total NF and PF during 2011-2017. Therefore, if possible, the best way for consumers and farmers in Yemen to decrease NF and PF is to focus efforts on increasing FP and FC of foodstuffs with less VNFs and VPFs. The consumption of vegetable-fruit, legumes, starchy, eggs, poultry, and fish should be increased as their NF and PF are low. However, people in Yemen suffer from shortage of resources and lack of awareness, and thus they do not have the opportunity to choose foodstuffs that are low in NF and PF. Accordingly, policymakers should encourage integrated approaches that introduce powerful tools for controlling crop and livestock production in conjunction with enhancements in nutrient use efficiency.
食物氮（N）和磷（P）足迹是衡量食物生产（FP）和食物消费（FC）链中 N 和 P 损失的指标。也门是一个很有意思的案例，因为该国严重依赖粮食进口，粮食不安全和贫困问题严重，因此 N 足迹（NF）和 P 足迹（PF）可能会影响其未来发展。然而，也门的 NF 和 PF 随时间变化的情况尚未得到研究。因此，这是第一篇通过调整的 N-Calculator 模型来计算阿拉伯半岛（也门案例研究）NF 和 PF 的论文，该模型通过计算主要食物的虚拟 N（VNFs）和虚拟 P（VPFs）因素来计算 NF 和 PF。1960 年代，NF（kg N 人年）和 PF（kg P 人年）分别从 5.56 和 1.20 升高到 2011-2017 年的 15.2 和 4.79，同期，全国 NF（Gg [10 g] N 年）和全国 PF（Gg P 年）从 1960 年代的 27.7 和 6.77 增加到 2011-2017 年的 358 和 122。在过去的 57 年中，谷物是也门 NF 和 PF 的最大贡献者。FP 在 2011-2017 年贡献了 NF 和 PF 的 80%和 86%左右。因此，如果可能的话，也门消费者和农民减少 NF 和 PF 的最佳方法是专注于增加 FP 和 FC，减少具有高 VNFs 和 VPFs 的食物。应增加蔬菜-水果、豆类、淀粉类、蛋类、家禽和鱼类的消费，因为它们的 NF 和 PF 较低。然而，也门人民面临资源短缺和缺乏意识的问题，因此他们没有机会选择 NF 和 PF 含量低的食物。因此，政策制定者应鼓励采取综合方法，引入控制作物和牲畜生产的有力工具，并提高养分利用效率。
