Jabbar Abdul, Saleem Muhammad Hassan, Iqbal Muhammad Zahid, Qasim Muhammad, Ashraf Muhammad, Tolba Mahmoud M, Nasser Hebatallah Ahmed, Sajjad Hira, Hassan Ayesha, Imran Muhammad, Ahmad Imtiaz
Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
Department of Economics, Finance, and Statistics Jonkoping University, Sweden.
Vet World. 2020 Dec;13(12):2596-2607. doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.2596-2607. Epub 2020 Dec 8.
Mastitis has been identified as the most prevalent and economically imperative disease among dairy animals. Thus, understanding its common bacterial pathogens and risk factors is necessary to improve udder health at herd, region, or country level. However, scientific research on caprine mastitis, especially on Beetal breed, has remained to be insufficient in Pakistan. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the epidemiology and antibiogram assay of common mastitis-causing bacterial agents, that is, , , and , in dairy goats.
In total, 500 Beetal goats, irrespective of age and those that were not treated with any kind of antimicrobial agents during the past 120 h, were screened using California Mastitis Test in Pattoki, Kasur District, whereas epidemiological factors were recorded. The milk samples of mastitic goats were then collected and processed using standard methods. Each sample was primarily cultured on nutrient agar. Using a specific medium, each bacterial colony was separated using several streak methods. Six antibiotic disks belonging to different antibiotic groups were used for antibiogram profiling of bacterial isolates. Chi-square test was used to assess the association of baseline characteristics and mastitis occurrence. Meanwhile, multivariable logistic regression (p<0.001) was utilized to determine the risk factors associated with positive and negative dichotomous outcome of mastitis.
The results revealed that the overall prevalence of goat mastitis was 309 (61.8%), in which 260 (52%) and 49 (9.8%) cases were positive for subclinical mastitis (SCM) and clinical mastitis (CM), respectively. and were found to be the predominant isolates causing SCM and CM, respectively (p<0.001). It was observed that amoxicillin+clavulanic acid was highly sensitive to isolates of and and ceftiofur sodium to isolates of and ., while enrofloxacin was found to be sensitive to isolates of and . Risk factors such as herd structure, deworming, vaccination, presence of ticks, use of teat dip and mineral supplements, feeding type, age, parity, housing, blood in the milk, milk leakage, milk taste, and milk yield were found to have the strongest association with mastitis occurrence, while ease of milking has moderate association.
In the area examined, cases of SCM were found to be higher compared with that of CM, and ceftiofur sodium has been identified as the preferred treatment in both clinical and subclinical forms of caprine mastitis in Beetal goats. Risk factors for mastitis that was identified in this study can form the basis for the creation of an udder health control program specific for dairy goats. We hope our findings could raise awareness of the risk factors and treatment approaches for common mastitis-causing bacterial agents.
乳腺炎已被确认为奶牛类动物中最普遍且在经济上至关重要的疾病。因此，了解其常见细菌病原体和风险因素对于在畜群、地区或国家层面改善乳房健康状况是必要的。然而，在巴基斯坦，关于山羊乳腺炎，尤其是关于比塔尔品种山羊乳腺炎的科学研究仍然不足。因此，本研究旨在评估引起乳腺炎的常见细菌病原体，即 、 和 在奶山羊中的流行病学及药敏试验情况。
在卡苏尔区帕托基，使用加利福尼亚乳房炎检测法对总共500只比塔尔山羊进行筛查，这些山羊不论年龄大小，且在过去120小时内未接受过任何抗菌药物治疗，同时记录流行病学因素。然后收集患乳腺炎山羊的乳汁样本并采用标准方法进行处理。每个样本首先在营养琼脂上进行培养。使用特定培养基，通过几种划线方法分离每个细菌菌落。使用属于不同抗生素组的六个抗生素药敏纸片对细菌分离株进行药敏试验分析。采用卡方检验评估基线特征与乳腺炎发生之间的关联。同时，利用多变量逻辑回归（p<0.001）来确定与乳腺炎阳性和阴性二分结果相关的风险因素。
结果显示，山羊乳腺炎的总体患病率为309例（61.8%），其中亚临床乳腺炎（SCM）和临床乳腺炎（CM）的阳性病例分别为260例（52%）和49例（9.8%）。已发现 和 分别是导致亚临床乳腺炎和临床乳腺炎的主要分离株（p<0.001）。观察到阿莫西林+克拉维酸对 和 的分离株高度敏感，头孢噻呋钠对 和 的分离株敏感，而恩诺沙星对比 和 的分离株敏感。发现畜群结构、驱虫、疫苗接种、蜱虫存在、乳头药浴和矿物质补充剂的使用、饲养类型、年龄、胎次、畜舍、乳汁中的血液、乳汁渗漏、乳汁味道和产奶量等风险因素与乳腺炎发生的关联最强，而挤奶的难易程度具有中等关联。
在所研究的地区，发现亚临床乳腺炎病例比临床乳腺炎病例更多，并且头孢噻呋钠已被确定为比塔尔山羊临床和亚临床型乳腺炎的首选治疗药物。本研究中确定的乳腺炎风险因素可为制定针对奶山羊的乳房健康控制计划奠定基础。我们希望我们的研究结果能够提高对常见乳腺炎致病细菌病原体的风险因素和治疗方法的认识。
