Implementing a behavioral medicine approach in physiotherapy for patients with musculoskeletal pain: a scoping review.

In intervention research on musculoskeletal pain, physiotherapists often study behavioral and cognitive components. Evidence on applying these components has increased during the past decade. However, how to effectively integrate behavioral and cognitive components in the biopsychosocial management of musculoskeletal pain is challenging. The aim was to study the intervention components and patient outcomes of studies integrating behavioral and cognitive components in physiotherapy, to match the interventions with a definition of behavioral medicine in physiotherapy and to categorize the behavior change techniques targeted at patients with musculoskeletal pain in (1) randomized controlled effect trials or (2) implementation in clinical practice trials. A scoping review was used to conduct this study, and the PRISMA-ScR checklist was applied. Relevant studies were identified from the PubMed, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL Plus, and Web of Science Core databases separately for the (1) randomized controlled effect trials and (2) implementation in clinical practice trials. Synthesis for the matching of the patient interventions with the existing definition of behavior medicine in physiotherapy showed that the interventions mostly integrated psychosocial, behavioral, and biomedical/physical aspects, and were thus quite consistent with the definition of behavioral medicine in physiotherapy. The reported behavior change techniques were few and were commonly in categories such as "information of natural consequences," "feedback and monitoring," and "goals and planning." The patient outcomes for long-term follow-ups often showed positive effects. The results of this scoping review may inform future research, policies, and practice.