Goekoop Rutger, de Kleijn Roy
Parnassia Group, PsyQ, Department of Anxiety Disorders, Early Detection and Intervention Team (EDIT), Netherlands.
Cognitive Psychology Unit, Leiden University, Netherlands.
Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2021 Apr;123:257-285. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.12.021. Epub 2021 Jan 23.
In this paper, we show that organisms can be modeled as hierarchical Bayesian control systems with small world and information bottleneck (bow-tie) network structure. Such systems combine hierarchical perception with hierarchical goal setting and hierarchical action control. We argue that hierarchical Bayesian control systems produce deep hierarchies of goal states, from which it follows that organisms must have some form of 'highest goals'. For all organisms, these involve internal (self) models, external (social) models and overarching (normative) models. We show that goal hierarchies tend to decompose in a top-down manner under severe and prolonged levels of stress. This produces behavior that favors short-term and self-referential goals over long term, social and/or normative goals. The collapse of goal hierarchies is universally accompanied by an increase in entropy (disorder) in control systems that can serve as an early warning sign for tipping points (disease or death of the organism). In humans, learning goal hierarchies corresponds to personality development (maturation). The failure of goal hierarchies to mature properly corresponds to personality deficits. A top-down collapse of such hierarchies under stress is identified as a common factor in all forms of episodic mental disorders (psychopathology). The paper concludes by discussing ways of testing these hypotheses empirically.
在本文中，我们表明生物体可被建模为具有小世界和信息瓶颈（领结形）网络结构的分层贝叶斯控制系统。此类系统将分层感知与分层目标设定及分层行动控制相结合。我们认为，分层贝叶斯控制系统会产生目标状态的深度层次结构，由此可知生物体必定具有某种形式的“最高目标”。对于所有生物体而言，这些目标涉及内部（自我）模型、外部（社会）模型和总体（规范）模型。我们表明，在严重且长期的压力水平下，目标层次结构往往会自上而下分解。这会产生一种行为，即更倾向于短期和自我参照目标而非长期、社会和/或规范目标。目标层次结构的崩溃普遍伴随着控制系统中熵（无序）的增加，这可作为临界点（生物体患病或死亡）的早期预警信号。在人类中，学习目标层次结构对应于人格发展（成熟）。目标层次结构未能正常成熟对应于人格缺陷。这种层次结构在压力下自上而下的崩溃被视为所有形式的发作性精神障碍（精神病理学）的一个共同因素。本文最后讨论了通过实证检验这些假设的方法。
