Department of Oral Morphology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata, Kitaku, Okayama, 770-8525, Japan.
J Oral Biosci. 2021 Mar;63(1):14-22. doi: 10.1016/j.job.2021.01.006. Epub 2021 Jan 23.
Recently, the relationship between the maternal oral environment and complicated pregnancies has been discussed in depth. The depletion of all bacterial flora, including oral bacteria, significantly decreased the size of the maternal placenta and suppressed fetal bone reabsorption. Furthermore, bacterial flora DNA of the host placenta has been reported to be remarkably similar to that of oral flora DNA. These findings indicate that maternal oral flora has a considerable effect on the formation of the placenta and fetus.
Placenta is a sophisticated tissue, in which the fetus and mother exchange substance. Placental homeostasis affects the maternal and fetal health; therefore, any disorder in this context is directly linked to serious health issues for the mother and developmental inhibition of the fetus. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) possess and deliver various factors (i.e., nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids) to distant organs through intercellular crosstalk. EVs are released during natural physiological events as well as under stress conditions. EVs derived from reproductive tissues, such as the placenta, are deeply involved in all stages of pregnancy, including the maturation and survival of sperm and egg, various events during fertilization, implantation, spiral artery remodeling, and immunomodulation.
To date, the precise role of EVs in oral diseases, including periodontal disease, is not well understood. Nonetheless, placental EVs are likely to attract attention, in the future, to objectively evaluate the effects of periodontal disease on maternal and fetal health. Therefore, the role of EVs throughout normal pregnancy will be discussed in this review.
最近，人们深入探讨了母体口腔环境与复杂妊娠之间的关系。所有细菌菌群（包括口腔细菌）的耗竭会显著减小母体胎盘的大小并抑制胎儿骨骼重吸收。此外，宿主胎盘的细菌菌群 DNA 与口腔菌群 DNA 具有显著的相似性。这些发现表明，母体口腔菌群对胎盘和胎儿的形成有很大影响。
胎盘是一种复杂的组织，胎儿和母亲在其中交换物质。胎盘的动态平衡会影响母婴健康；因此，这种情况下的任何失调都直接与母亲的严重健康问题和胎儿的发育抑制有关。细胞外囊泡 (EVs) 通过细胞间通讯将各种因子（如核酸、蛋白质和脂质）传递到远处的器官。EVs 是在自然生理事件以及应激条件下释放的。来源于生殖组织（如胎盘）的 EVs 深深参与了妊娠的各个阶段，包括精子和卵子的成熟和存活、受精过程中的各种事件、螺旋动脉重塑和免疫调节。
迄今为止，EVs 在包括牙周病在内的口腔疾病中的确切作用尚不清楚。然而，胎盘 EVs 很可能会引起关注，以便将来客观评估牙周病对母婴健康的影响。因此，本综述将讨论 EVs 在正常妊娠中的作用。
